Tinnitus
Conditions
Keywords
tinnitus, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Randomized Controlled Trial, Breathing Exercises, Psychoeducation
Brief summary
Tinnitus is the perception of sound, such as ringing or buzzing, without any external source. It is common and can cause significant distress, including anxiety, depression, sleep problems, and reduced quality of life. Because there is currently no cure for tinnitus, treatment focuses on lowering the distress it causes and helping people cope. This study compared three different non-drug approaches to managing tinnitus-related distress: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a structured psychological treatment that helps people change unhelpful thoughts and reactions related to their tinnitus A breathing exercise (the 4-7-8 technique), a relaxation method intended to reduce stress Psychoeducation, which provides information to help people better understand their tinnitus Seventy adults with subjective tinnitus, aged 18 to 65, were randomly assigned to one of these three groups. Participants in each group received their assigned approach over a period of several weeks. The main goal was to see how much each approach reduced the impact of tinnitus on daily life, measured with a standard questionnaire called the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory. The study also looked at changes in anxiety and depression. Participants were assessed before treatment, after treatment, and again at 1 month and 6 months. The purpose of this study was to better understand which of these approaches may be most helpful for reducing tinnitus-related distress.
Detailed description
Tinnitus is a heterogeneous condition with multifactorial pathophysiology involving both auditory and non-auditory networks. Because no curative treatment exists, management focuses on reducing tinnitus-related distress and improving quality of life. Psychological and behavioral interventions have shown promise, but direct comparisons between approaches are limited. This exploratory randomized controlled study compared three non-pharmacological interventions: cognitive behavioral therapy, the 4-7-8 breathing technique, and psychoeducation. Participants were assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio using a computer-generated randomization sequence. The sequence was generated before enrollment, and group assignment was withheld until after baseline assessments were completed. The investigators hypothesized that cognitive behavioral therapy would produce the greatest improvement in tinnitus-related outcomes, followed by the 4-7-8 breathing technique, with psychoeducation producing the least improvement. Intervention intensity differed across groups, and this contact-time imbalance was considered when interpreting the findings.
Interventions
OTHERCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Seven weekly group sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy, each lasting 90 minutes (5 to 7 participants per group), delivered by the same trained therapist. Sessions included psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, attention control, and behavioral techniques targeting tinnitus-related distress.
OTHER4-7-8 Breathing Exercise
The 4-7-8 breathing technique practiced twice daily for 7 weeks following a standardized video protocol, intended to promote relaxation through parasympathetic activation.
OTHERPsychoeducation
A single psychoeducation session providing information about tinnitus to improve understanding and coping and to reduce uncertainty and anxiety.
Sponsors
Ankara Etlik City Hospital
Ege University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age between 18 and 65 years * Diagnosis of subjective tinnitus * Ability to read and complete questionnaires * Voluntary participation
Exclusion criteria
* Delirium, dementia, intellectual disability, or other organic mental disorders * Current psychiatric disorder according to DSM-5 criteria * History of alcohol or substance use disorder * Illiteracy * Abnormal otoscopic findings * History of otologic surgery * Otologic or vestibular disorders (e.g., otosclerosis, Meniere's disease) * Use of hearing aids * History of hearing loss * Respiratory diseases requiring ongoing treatment
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) | Baseline, post-intervention (week 7), 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is a validated 25-item self-report questionnaire assessing the impact of tinnitus on daily functioning. Total scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater tinnitus-related handicap. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) | Baseline, post-intervention (week 7), 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a validated 21-item self-report scale measuring the severity of anxiety symptoms. Total scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety. |
| Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) | Baseline, post-intervention (week 7), 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up | The Beck Depression Inventory is a validated 21-item self-report scale measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. Total scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating greater depression. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed