Cognitive Performance, Sport Physiology
Conditions
Brief summary
This study aims to investigate the acute cognitive and physiological responses to breath-hold diving training in trained female divers. Participants will complete three separate sessions including a control session, a land-based breath-hold training session, and a water-based breath-hold training session in randomized order. Cognitive performance, mood state, heart rate responses, respiratory function, and maximal breath-hold capacity will be evaluated before and after the interventions. The study is expected to improve understanding of how acute apnea-based diving exercises influence cognitive functions and physiological adaptations under different environmental conditions.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALLand-Based Breath-Hold Training
Participants will perform structured land-based breath-hold exercises consisting of repeated apnea efforts at 60% of individual maximal breath-hold capacity with standardized rest intervals.
BEHAVIORALWater-Based Breath-Hold Training
Participants will perform structured breath-hold exercises in a swimming pool environment consisting of repeated apnea efforts at 60% of individual maximal breath-hold capacity with standardized rest intervals.
OTHERControl Session
Participants will undergo baseline cognitive, respiratory, mood, and physiological assessments without structured apnea or breath-hold exercise intervention.
Sponsors
Istanbul Gelisim University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
NONE
Masking description
No masking procedures will be applied because participants and investigators will be aware of the intervention conditions during the sessions.
Intervention model description
Participants will complete control, land-based breath-hold, and water-based breath-hold sessions in randomized crossover order. Cognitive, physiological, and mood-related responses will be evaluated before and after each session.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Licensed breath-hold or free-diving athletes * Aged between 18 and 30 years * Minimum of 5 years of training experience * No known cardiovascular or pulmonary disease * Non-smokers * Willing to participate voluntarily * Refraining from intense exercise within 24 hours before testing
Exclusion criteria
* Use of performance-enhancing drugs or ergogenic aids * Presence of chronic sports injury * Alcohol consumption within 24 hours before testing * Caffeine intake within 2 hours before testing * Sleep deprivation or severe fatigue * Current medication use Fear of water or inability to complete breath-hold procedures
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Working Memory Accuracy (2-Back Test) | Baseline and immediately after the intervention, within 5 minutes post-intervention. | Accuracy score obtained from the computerized 2-back cognitive task. |
| Reaction Time During the 2-Back Test | Baseline and immediately after the intervention, within 5 minutes post-intervention. | Mean reaction time recorded during correct responses in the 2-back cognitive task. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) Total Score | Baseline and immediately after the intervention, within 5 minutes post-intervention. | Total mood disturbance score assessed using the Brunel Mood Scale questionnaire. |
| Maximum Breath-Hold Duration | Baseline during the control session before intervention sessions. | Maximum voluntary breath-hold duration recorded during testing. |
| Resting Heart Rate | Before each experimental session. | Resting heart rate measured before each session using a Polar heart rate monitor. |
| Exercise Heart Rate Response | During the intervention session. | Heart rate responses recorded every 30 seconds during the breath-hold exercise protocol. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTGörkem Açar, Ress. Asst.
Outcome results
None listed