Diabetes Type 2
Conditions
Keywords
self-efficacy program, mixed method, self-management, type 2 diabetes mellitus
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a self-efficacy program can improve diabetes self-management behaviors in adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending primary health centers (Puskesmas) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does a self-efficacy program improve diabetes self-management behaviors (measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities/SDSCA)? * Does a self-efficacy program enhance diabetes self-efficacy (measured by the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale)? Researchers will compare participants receiving the self-efficacy program (intervention group) to a waiting-list control group to see if the program leads to greater improvements in self-management and self-efficacy. Participants will: * Attend four weekly group sessions (60-90 minutes each) covering diabetes knowledge, goal setting, self-monitoring, and peer support * Complete questionnaires on diabetes self-management and self-efficacy at baseline and after the intervention period * Selected participants in the intervention group will take part in semi-structured interviews about their experience with the program
Interventions
BEHAVIORALSelf-Efficacy Program for Diabetes Self-Management
A structured group-based behavioral intervention grounded in Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory. The program consisted of four weekly sessions (60-90 minutes each) facilitated by a trained nurse researcher. Session 1 focused on diabetes knowledge enhancement and personal goal setting. Session 2 covered self-monitoring techniques and identifying barriers to self-care. Session 3 involved peer experience sharing and problem-solving strategies. Session 4 included review of progress, reinforcement of skills, and relapse prevention planning. The intervention targeted four sources of self-efficacy: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/emotional states.
Sponsors
Gadjah Mada University
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for a minimum of one year; * exhibiting low or moderate scores on the Diabetes Self-management Scale; * no prior experience with similar programs or concurrent participation in other related activities
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Diabetes Self-Management | Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks) | Measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire, which assesses self-care behaviors across five domains: general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care. Scores represent the number of days per week (0-7) participants performed each self-care activity. |
| Diabetes Self-Efficacy | Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks) | Measured using the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES), which assesses participants' confidence in performing diabetes self-management tasks. The scale uses a Likert-type response format with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy. |
| Participants' Experiences with the Self-Efficacy Program | Post-intervention (after completion of the 4-week program) | Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposive subsample of intervention group participants. Interviews explored participants' perceptions, experiences, and perceived impact of the self-efficacy program on their diabetes self-management. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. |
Countries
Indonesia
Outcome results
None listed