Pain, Smoking ( Cigarette), Women
Conditions
Brief summary
This study aims to investigate the effects of smoking on pain threshold, cervical position sense, and grip strength in women. Measurements will include pressure pain threshold (PPT), cervical position sense (CPS), grip strength, and pinch strength.
Detailed description
Smoking is widely recognized as one of the leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide and constitutes a major public health problem. Smoking is thought to negatively influence pain perception, proprioceptive sensory feedback, and muscle performance. In this context, examining the combined effects of smoking on pain threshold, CPS, and grip strength in women may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the multidimensional impact of smoking on the neuromuscular and sensory systems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of smoking on pain threshold, CPS, and grip strength in women.
Interventions
OTHERobservational study
observational case control study
Sponsors
Karabuk University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Women aged 18-45, both smokers and non-smokers
Exclusion criteria
* Individuals with any diagnosed neurological, rheumatological, or musculoskeletal disorder (e.g., brachial plexus injury, cervical radiculopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, neck pain, fibromyalgia), * upper extremity deformity, * migraine, * chronic headache * experienced neck or upper extremity injury or surgery within the previous six months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Grip strenght | The measurements will be lasted 5-10 minutes. | Participants will be instructed to grasp the device tip between the thumb and the lateral aspect of the index finger's middle phalanx and to apply maximal force for 3 seconds, followed by relaxation. |
| Pain pressure threshold | The measurements will last 5-10 minutes. | Measurements will obtained from anatomical landmarks that have been frequently used in previous studies and reported to be reliable and sensitive. |
| Cervical Position Sense | The measurements will take 5-10 minutes. | Using the CROM device, deviations from neutral head position were recorded in all three anatomical planes. With eyes closed, participants were then asked to perceive a target position passively guided by the examiner. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed