Pain After Knee Arthroscop, Total Knee Arthroplasty, Total Knee Arthroplasty Recovery
Conditions
Keywords
Total Knee Arthroplasty, pain, Vital Signs
Brief summary
This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effects of stress ball use and breathing exercises on procedural pain and vital signs during drain removal in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Although drain removal is a short procedure, it is often associated with sudden and intense pain and may trigger physiological stress responses such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. A total of 105 patients will be randomly assigned to three groups: stress ball group, breathing exercise group, and standard care group. The interventions will be applied starting one minute before drain removal, continuing throughout the procedure, and for two minutes afterward. Pain levels will be assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation) will be measured at predefined time points before, during, and after the procedure. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence on the effectiveness of simple, non-pharmacological interventions in reducing procedural pain and improving physiological stability during drain removal
Interventions
BEHAVIORAL3. Control Group Description
Participants will receive standard care, including routine information about the drain removal procedure, without any additional intervention such as stress ball use or breathing exercises.
BEHAVIORAL1. Stress Ball Intervention Description
Participants will be provided with a medium-resistance stress ball and instructed to rhythmically squeeze and release it starting one minute before drain removal, continuing throughout the procedure, and for two minutes after the procedure. A brief explanation will be given prior to the intervention.
BEHAVIORAL2. Breathing Exercise Intervention Description
Participants will be instructed in diaphragmatic breathing techniques before the procedure. They will begin deep breathing one minute before drain removal, continue throughout the procedure, and for two minutes afterward. The technique includes slow inhalation through the nose, holding the breath for a few seconds, and slow exhalation through the mouth.
Sponsors
TC Erciyes University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Adults aged 18 years and older undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty * Patients with a surgical drain in place and scheduled for drain removal in the postoperative period * Able to provide informed consent * Able to communicate and understand instructions
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with chronic pain syndromes or regular opioid use * Patients with cognitive impairment, delirium, or communication difficulties * Patients with contraindications to drain removal (e.g., active bleeding, hemodynamic instability) * Patients with neurological conditions affecting pain perception
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Intensity (Numeric Rating Scale, NRS | Baseline, immediately after drain removal, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the procedur | Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10), where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst possible pain. Pain levels will be recorded during and after drain removal. |
| Heart Rate | Baseline, immediately after drain removal, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the procedur | Heart rate (beats per minute) will be measured to assess physiological response to pain during drain removal. |
| Blood Pressure | Baseline, immediately after drain removal, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the procedur | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) will be measured to evaluate physiological stress response. |
| Oxygen Saturation | Baseline, immediately after drain removal, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the procedur | Peripheral oxygen saturation (%) will be measured using a pulse oximeter. |
| Respiratory Rate | Baseline, immediately after drain removal, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes after the procedur | Respiratory rate (breaths per minute) will be recorded. |
Contacts
CONTACTHÜMEYRA YÜKSEL, Ph.D
Outcome results
None listed