Cognitive Impairment, Dementia, Stress
Conditions
Keywords
Comparison of virtual versus live music therapy
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to learn if virtual music therapy with active engagement components leads to the same benefits as traditional live music therapy in mitigating stress in older adults. This study aims to compare live and virtual music interventions among older adults with cognitive impairment living in assisted living facilities.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALLive music therapy
The live music intervention was presented in the activities room of each senior center and included a classical violin for the performer (a classically trained violinist with experience arranging and playing pop music), a second violin for participant engagement, and a computer speaker for digital sound output (Dell, Inc.). The live music intervention sessions included multiple active engagement components, such as music adjustment (e.g., lowering the tempo, changing to an upbeat piece) to match participants' apparent mood, verbal interaction, physical engagement (e.g., encouraging dancing, on-beat clapping), and singing along.
BEHAVIORALVirtual music therapy
The virtual intervention followed identical procedures as the live intervention and involved similar active engagement components, with the music being delivered to the same cohort via video conference (Zoom Communications, Inc.). In both live and virtual sessions, the performer showed identical levels of engagement and adjustment.
Sponsors
University of Pennsylvania
Conestoga High School
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Lives in included assisted living facility * 65 years or older * Able to provide informed consent * Able to hear music * Able to see a computer screen * Able to speak
Exclusion criteria
* Does not live in included assisted living facility * Younger than 65 years * Unable to provide informed consent * Unable to hear music * Unable to see a computer screen * Unable to speak
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported stress levels | Baseline (15 minutes before the music intervention session) and follow-up (15 minutes after the music intervention session was completed) | The self-reported stress survey was adapted and modified from Levenstein et al. (1993), with question wording modified to reduce the reading level. The stress-assessment survey was condensed to a total of 10 questions, each rated on a 4-level Likert scale from strongly disagree (0) to strongly agree (3). To maintain consistency, the rating on 4 items indicating lack of stress was reversed, so that 0 corresponded to 3 points. The total score was calculated by adding the individual scores for each question (score range, 0 to 30, where a higher rating corresponds to greater stress). |
| Heart rate (HR) | Baseline (15 minutes before the music intervention session) and follow-up (15 minutes after the music intervention session was completed) | Registered nurses at each assisted living facility measured and recorded each participant's heart rate (HR) using an oxygen saturation monitor (Oxiline, Inc.). The monitor was placed on each participants' finger and the heart rate was recorded for a 1-minute interval 15 minutes before and after each music-based session. |
| Systolic blood pressure | Baseline (15 minutes before the music intervention session) and follow-up (15 minutes after the music intervention session was completed) | Systolic blood pressure was measured using a sphygmomanometer (Curaplex, Inc.) immediately after the heart rate measurement |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed