Postoperative Pain
Conditions
Brief summary
This is a single-center retrospective cohort study to identify independent risk factors and develop a predictive nomogram for moderate-to-severe pain within 24 hours after Achilles tendon surgery.
Interventions
This is a retrospective observational cohort study. No study-specific intervention is being investigated; all patients received routine clinical care as per standard practice.
Sponsors
Min Li
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
RETROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Age ≥ 18 years; American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification Ⅰ\~Ⅲ; 2. Clinically diagnosed with Achilles tendon rupture, Achilles tendinopathy, insertional Achilles tendinitis, Haglund's deformity, or other Achilles tendon disorders; 3. Undergoing open or arthroscopic Achilles tendon surgery; 4. Conscious and able to cooperate in surgery and postoperative pain assessment; 5. Complete and accessible case data related to surgery, anesthesia, and postoperative pain assessment; 6. Completion of at least 24 hours of standardized pain monitoring and clinical follow-up after surgery
Exclusion criteria
1. Missing or incomplete key clinical data such as pain assessment, surgery and anesthesia; 2. Failure to complete 24-hour standardized pain monitoring after surgery; Perioperative unplanned secondary surgery or transfer to the intensive care unit (ICU); 3. Patients with mental illness, cognitive dysfunction, or language communication barrier; History of alcohol or drug addiction Pain due to other acute or chronic diseases; 4. Bilateral Achilles tendon surgery Concurrent surgery for other lower extremity injuries
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Incidence of Moderate-to-Severe Acute Postoperative Pain | Within 24 hours after surgery | Defined as a pain score ≥ 4 on the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) or the need for rescue analgesia within the first 24 hours after Achilles tendon surgery. The NRS is an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain), where higher scores indicate greater pain severity (worse outcome). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Highest Postoperative Pain Score | Within 24 hours after surgery | The maximum pain score recorded within 24 hours after Achilles tendon surgery, measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). The NRS is an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain), where higher scores indicate greater pain severity (worse outcome). |
| Rescue Analgesia Requirement | Within 24 hours after surgery | Proportion of patients requiring rescue analgesic medications within 24 hours after surgery. |
| Incidence of Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) | Within 24 hours after surgery | Proportion of patients experiencing nausea or vomiting requiring antiemetic treatment within 24 hours after surgery. |
| Postoperative Length of Hospital Stay | From surgery to hospital discharge (up to 7 days) | Number of days from surgery to hospital discharge. |
Countries
China
Outcome results
None listed