Athletes, Nutrition Physiology, The Focus of This Study is to Describe the Body Composition and Metabolism of Athletes and Non-athletes
Conditions
Keywords
Body composition, metabolism, aerobic capacity, Athletes
Brief summary
This study aims to address the gap by investigating the correlation between body composition and metabolism in adult and older Filipino endurance and strength athletes. It seeks to offer significant insights that can guide age- and sport-specific training programs, nutritional strategies, and health interventions adapted to the requirements of Filipino athletes. The results may help enhance the wider discussion on fostering healthy aging and athletic longevity in the Philippines.
Detailed description
The general objective of the study is to conduct fundamental researches in nutrition physiology among Filipino athletes in selected sports through evaluation of their body composition, metabolism, nutritional status, aerobic capacity, and physical performance using validated assessment tools. Specifically, the study aims to: * Compare the body composition of Filipino athletes and age- and sex-matched non-athletes using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography (ADP), muscle ultrasound and deuterium dilution technique; * Assess and compare the metabolism via resting and activity energy expenditure, nutritional status, dietary intake, and aerobic capacity of Filipino athletes and age- and sex-matched non-athletes using indirect calorimetry techniques, anthropometric measurements, food diaries, VO₂max measurement, lactic acid threshold, and Incremental Step Test; * Determine the association of body composition, metabolism, and aerobic capacity among adults and senior citizen athletes partaking in recreational sports; and * Analyze the relationship of nutritional status and metabolism with physical performance indicators among adults and senior citizen athletes partaking in recreational sports.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Philippines
Philippine Council for Health Research & Development
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 69 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
(Athletes): * Male or female athletes aged 20-40 (early and mid-adults) and 60-69 (older adults) * Natural-born Filipinos with maternal and paternal Filipino heritage * Current and former national and professional athletes, actively participating in endurance or strength sports events or recreational sports events * Current off-season athletes undergoing training or former professional athletes who played \<3 years ago * With ≥3 years of formal, structured athletic training * Apparently healthy (no cardiovascular conditions, respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neurological conditions and metabolic disorders) * Ambulatory and can perform physical activity exercises such as treadmill walking/running and stationary bike * Cleared by a physician to participate in exercise testing; for older adults, clearance must be based on electrocardiogram (ECG) results. Inclusion Criteria (Non-Athletes): * Age (+3 years) and sex-matched community-dwelling participants * Natural-born Filipinos with maternal and paternal Filipino heritage * Not involved in structured or competitive exercise training * Apparently healthy (no cardiovascular conditions, respiratory diseases, musculoskeletal disorders, neurological conditions and metabolic disorders) * Ambulatory and can perform physical activity exercises such as treadmill walking/running and stationary bike * Cleared by a physician to participate in exercise testing; for older adults, clearance must be based on electrocardiogram (ECG) results.
Exclusion criteria
(Athletes and Non-Athletes): * Unable to comprehend and answer the questions * Presence of metal implants and/or pacemaker * Has limited mobility and a history of orthopedic surgery (that may limit their mobility) * With medically diagnosed severe diseases that could affect body composition or metabolism (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, renal diseases, thyroid disorders) * Experienced minor or major injury in the past 3 months that will inhibit the performance * Taking prohibited sports substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Program that may influence the performance of exercise * Taking medications that can affect metabolism (e.g., mood stabilizers, GLP-1 receptor agonists etc.) * Current smoker or Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS; vape, e-cigarette) smoker
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fat Mass in kilograms and percentage | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | Fat mass will be measured using the Bioelectric Impedance Analyzer (BIA), the Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Machine, Deuterium Dilution Technique (DDT), ultrasound technology, and air displacement method. |
| Fat-Free Mass in kilograms and percentage | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | Fat-free mass will be measured using the Bioelectric Impedance Analyzer (BIA), the Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Machine, Deuterium Dilution Technique (DDT), ultrasound technology, and air displacement method. |
| Resting Metabolic Rate in kilocalories per day | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | Resting Metabolic Rate Energy expenditure at rest will be measured using an indirect calorimeter (COSMED Fitmate, Rome, Italy) in the fasting state (10-12 hours). |
| Activity Energy Expenditure in kilocalories | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | Active energy expenditure will be measured using an indirect calorimeter (COSMED K5). They will follow an Incremental Step Test using a cycle ergometer. The participants will be assisted by a researcher during the familiarization phase wherein the KOPS Approach and Familiarization to the equipment will be held. The KOPS Approach must have their legs at least right angle, knees and arms should not be over extended. Make sure that the feet of participants are sealed onto the pedal pads. Participants will be instructed to maintain a pedaling rate of 40-60 revolutions per minute (rpm). Each stage of the test will last three minutes, with the workload increasing progressively until the participant reaches fatigue or test termination |
| Aerobic Capacity in mL/kg/min | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | Aerobic capacity will be measured using an incremental step test in an ergocycle. |
| Blood Lactate Concentration in mmol/L during exercise | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | Lactate levels will be measured at baseline, during the conducted of incremental step test (during stage 3 and stage 5), and during the cool down period. 20 uL of blood will be collected through finger-prick. |
| Handgrip strength in kilograms | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | A hydraulic hand dynamometer will be used as an objective instrument for grip strength. |
| Leg strength in Newton-meter | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | An isokinetic dynamometer will be utilized to measure leg strength, precisely that of the quadriceps muscle. This will be assessed using maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors using an isokinetic dynamometer. |
| Speed of participants in kilometers per hour | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | To assess the speed of young athletes and non-athletes, the study will use the Beep Test. In this test, participants run back and forth between two cones placed 20 meters apart, following the pace set by audio "beep" sounds. Divided into 21 levels, with each level lasting about 1 minute. The running speed starts at 8.5 km/h and gradually increases by 0.5 km/h at every making the test more challenging as it progresses. |
| Dietary Intake in kilocalories or grams per day | The expected period of the collection per participant is 3 days. | The participants' dietary intake for two non-consecutive days (one weekday and one weekend) before the data collection will be collected using a food record (FR). For athletes, it is preferable that one training day will be reflected in their FR but only when it coincides with the scheduled activities; otherwise, this is not required. Average daily energy, protein, carbohydrates, and fats intake will be reported. |
Contacts
CONTACTMa. Lourdes T. Cumagun
CONTACTRobby Carlo A. Tan, Msc
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORMa. Lourdes T. Cumagun
Department of Science and Technology - Food and Nutrition Research Institute (DOST-FNRI)
Outcome results
None listed