Breastfeeding Problems Assessment, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy
Conditions
Keywords
Marmet Technique, Breastfeeding, Breastfeeding Problems, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy, Postpartum Women, Midwifery
Brief summary
This randomized controlled study aims to evaluate the effect of breast massage using the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum women. Breastfeeding difficulties such as nipple pain, latch problems, and perceived insufficient milk are common in the early postpartum period and may lead to early cessation of breastfeeding. The Marmet technique is a manual breast massage method designed to stimulate milk flow and relieve mechanical difficulties during breastfeeding. In this study, postpartum women were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving Marmet technique training and application or a control group receiving routine breastfeeding care. Outcomes were assessed at 24 hours and on the 15th postpartum day using validated scales. The findings are expected to contribute to improving breastfeeding support practices and maternal confidence in breastfeeding.
Detailed description
Breastfeeding is essential for optimal infant growth and maternal health; however, many women experience physical and psychological challenges during the early postpartum period. Common breastfeeding problems include nipple pain, breast engorgement, latch difficulties, and concerns about insufficient milk supply. These challenges may negatively affect breastfeeding continuation and maternal confidence. Breastfeeding self-efficacy, defined as a mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed successfully, is a key determinant of breastfeeding duration and success. Interventions that address both physical and psychosocial aspects of breastfeeding are therefore critically important. The Marmet technique is a manual breast massage and expression method that supports milk ejection reflex, improves milk flow, and helps relieve blocked ducts without requiring equipment. It may also enhance maternal autonomy and confidence in breastfeeding management. This study was designed as a randomized controlled, longitudinal trial conducted in a hospital setting. A total of 104 postpartum women were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received individualized training and application of the Marmet technique in the early postpartum period, while the control group received routine breastfeeding care. Data were collected at postpartum 24 hours and day 15 using a Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and a Breastfeeding Problems Assessment Scale. The primary aim was to evaluate the effect of the Marmet technique on breastfeeding problems and self-efficacy levels over time. The study also explored factors influencing breastfeeding self-efficacy in the postpartum period.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMarmet Breast Massage Technique
The Marmet Technique is a manual breast massage and milk expression method taught to postpartum women to support effective breastfeeding. The technique includes specific hand positioning (C-hold), rhythmic compression, rolling movements, and breast stimulation to facilitate the milk ejection reflex and improve milk flow. In this study, participants in the intervention group received individualized training on the Marmet Technique at approximately 6 hours postpartum. The application was demonstrated and practiced under supervision, and participants were instructed to perform the technique regularly for approximately 20-30 minutes on both breasts. Follow-up support was provided via telephone on postpartum day 7 to reinforce correct technique and adherence. The intervention aims to reduce mechanical breastfeeding difficulties, improve milk flow, and enhance maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy.
Sponsors
Medipol University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group receiving the Marmet breast massage technique or a control group receiving routine breastfeeding care. Both groups were followed in parallel, and outcomes were assessed at 24 hours and on postpartum day 15.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 49 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Women aged 18 to 49 years * Able to read and write in Turkish * Voluntary agreement to participate in the study * Delivered a healthy full-term infant * Had a spontaneous vaginal birth * Actively breastfeeding during the postpartum period
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of a clinically serious breastfeeding problem in the mother or infant during the early postpartum period * Transfer of the mother or infant to another center before completion of the first data collection stage * Inability to complete follow-up assessment on postpartum day 15 or refusal to participate in the follow-up interview * For participants assigned to the intervention group, inability to complete the Marmet technique training at postpartum 6 hours or failure to respond to the follow-up call on postpartum day 7 * Meaningful missing or incomplete data in study forms or scales * Withdrawal from the study at any point during the 15-day follow-up period * Development of any unexpected maternal or neonatal health condition requiring discontinuation of breastfeeding, such as intensive care need, serious maternal infection, or infant pathology preventing sucking
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy | 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum | Assessed using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (short form). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Breastfeeding Problems | 24 hours postpartum and 15 days postpartum | Assessed using the Breastfeeding Problems Assessment Scale, including mechanical, process-related, milk insufficiency, breast-related, and social concerns. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed