Healthy Adult Participants
Conditions
Brief summary
The goal of this observational study is to examine how different physiological markers change over a two-day period after long-duration whole-body cold-water immersion in healthy young men and women. Specifically, the study aims to address the following questions: * How do kynurenine pathway metabolites change after cold exposure? * How do stress markers change after cold exposure? * How do cytokine levels change after cold exposure? * How do white blood cells count and distribution change after cold exposure?
Interventions
OTHERCold water immerssion
This intervention consisted of intermittent whole-body immersion in 14 °C water. After 20 min of immersion, the subject exited from the bath and rested for 10 min by sitting in the room environment, and then the same procedure was repeated. The cold stress continued until 170 min in total (120 min maximum total immersion time).
Sponsors
Lithuanian Sports University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 36 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy adults; * Age between 18 and 36 years; * No excessive sporting activities; * No participation in any temperature-manipulation program or exposure to extreme temperatures within the past 12 weeks.
Exclusion criteria
* Smokers; * Use of medication that could affect natural thermoregulation; * Body mass index greater than 30 kg/m²; * History of asthma, neurological conditions, cardiovascular disease, or any condition that could be adversely affected by cold exposure.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in plasma metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (μm) | 2 days | An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry system (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to measure venous plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxy-kynurenine, quinolinic acid, nicotinamide and picolinic acid (in μm). The UPLC-MS/MS system uses a Xevo TQ-XS triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Waters) with a Z-spray electrospray interface, and the system operates in electrospray positive multiple reaction monitoring mode. |
| Body temperature (°C) | 1 day | Rectal temperature (in °C) was measured using a thermocouple (Rectal Probe, Ellab, Denmark) inserted to a depth of 12 cm past the anal sphincter, skin temperature (in °C) was measured with thermistors (Skin/Surface Probe, DM852, Ellab). |
| Cold strain index | 1 day | A cold strain index (CSI) was used to indicate cold strain. CSI = 6.67 x (Tre t - Tre 0) x (35 - Tre 0)\^-1 + 3.33 x (Tsk t - Tsk 0) x (20 - Tsk 0)\^-1, where rectal temperature (Tre) 0 and skin temperature (Tsk) 0 are initial measurements and Tre t and Tsk t are simultaneous measurements taken at the end of the cold exposure. |
| Free cortisol concentration (µg/dl) | 2 days | The saliva samples was collected to measure free cortisol level (in µg/dl) using an ELISA kit and a Spark multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). |
| Cytokines concentrations (pg/ml) | 2 days | The venous tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 (in pg/ml) were measured using an ELISA kits and a Gemini Analyzer (Stratec Biomedical GmbH, Birkenfeld, Germany) |
| Total cortisol concentration (nmol/l) | 2 days | The venous total cortisol consentration (in nmol/l) was measured using an ELISA kit and an automated enzyme immunoassay analyzer (AIA-2000; Tosoh Corp., Tokyo, Japan). |
| Catecholamines concentration (ng/ml) | 2 days | The venous adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations (in ng/ ml) were measured using an Elisa kit and a Spark multimode microplate reader (Tecan, Austria). |
| Complete blood count (10^9/L) | 2 days | Complete blood count with 5 different white blood count components (absolute neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) analysis (in 10\^9/L) was performed using an automated hematology analyzer (XE-5000, Sysmex Corp, Kobe, Japan). |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 2 days | The glucose concentration (in mmol/l) was measured using a Cardiocheck PA analyzer (Polymer Technology Systems Inc, Indianapolis, IN, USA). |
Countries
Lithuania
Outcome results
None listed