Autism Spectrum Disorder, Catatonia
Conditions
Keywords
profound autism, catatonia, autism spectrum disoder, Adolescent Psychiatry, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Benzodiazepines, Midazolam, Clonazepam, Electroconvulsive Therapy, open label pilot study
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if benzodiazepines and ECT can treat Catatonic features in Adolescents with Autistic spectrum disorder, it will also learn about Safety and efficacy of benzodiazepines and ECT. the main questions it aim to answer is if adolescents with profound Autism presenting with catatonic features will show significant improvement on treatment with either benzodiazepines or ECT with no major side effects. it is an open label pilot study whose participants diagnosed with profound autism presenting with catatonia will receive loading midazolam then maintenance clonazepam daily / ECT sets will be followed up every 2 weeks in 1st month then once / month for next 2 months, observation of symptom improvement will be tracked. Clinical outcomes will be assessed using the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale as the primary outcome measure and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist as a secondary outcome measure. Participants will be followed for three months to evaluate treatment response and safety.
Detailed description
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent impairments in social communication and interaction, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior. A subgroup of individuals with ASD meets criteria for profound autism, defined by severe functional impairment requiring continuous supervision, very limited or absent language, and typically a significant intellectual disability (IQ \< 50). Adolescents with profound autism often present with severe challenging behaviors, including agitation, aggression, self-injury, and marked functional deterioration. Catatonia is a complex neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by a range of psychomotor disturbances such as stupor, mutism, posturing, negativism, agitation, and stereotyped movements. Increasing evidence suggests that catatonia occurs with increased frequency in adolescents and young adults with ASD, particularly those with more severe functional impairment. Catatonic symptoms in individuals with autism may be under-recognized due to overlap with baseline autistic behaviors, leading to delays in diagnosis and treatment. This open label pilot study aims to explore the presence of catatonic features among Egyptian adolescents with profound autism and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of benzodiazepines and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in their management. The study will be conducted at the Psychiatry and Neurology Center, Tanta University Hospitals, Egypt. Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years with a diagnosis of profound autism attending child and adolescent psychiatry clinics will be screened for catatonic features during the study period. Diagnosis of ASD will be confirmed according to DSM-5 criteria, supported by standardized assessment using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2), along with documentation of intellectual disability using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales (Fifth Edition). All eligible participants will undergo comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, medical examination, and standardized assessments, including the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS) and the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC). Participants who screen positive for catatonia on the PCRS and meet criteria for the intervention phase will be offered a benzodiazepine challenge test using intranasal midazolam. A positive benzodiazepine challenge is defined as a reduction of at least 50% in catatonic symptoms on the PCRS within 30 minutes of administration. Participants demonstrating a positive response will be treated with oral clonazepam at the lowest effective and tolerated dose and followed for three months, with assessments conducted every two weeks using the PCRS as the primary outcome measure and the ABC as a secondary outcome measure. Participants who do not show a sufficient response to benzodiazepines will be offered treatment with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) following caregiver consent. ECT will be administered under general anesthesia using bilateral electrode placement and brief-pulse stimulation. The acute treatment course will consist of two sessions per week for four weeks, followed by continuation treatment once weekly for up to eight weeks in participants demonstrating clinical improvement. Clinical response will be defined as a reduction of at least 50% in PCRS scores. Follow-up assessments will continue biweekly for three months. Safety monitoring will be conducted throughout the study period, and any adverse events related to benzodiazepines or ECT will be documented. Written informed consent will be obtained from caregivers prior to participation, and all procedures will be conducted in accordance with ethical standards approved by the institutional ethics committee. This study represents the first investigation of catatonia in adolescents with profound autism in Egypt and the Arab world and aims to contribute to improved recognition and management of this underdiagnosed but treatable condition.
Interventions
DRUGIntranasal Midazolam (Benzodiazepine Challenge Test)
Administered as a challenge test to all participants in the intervention group using the 5 mg/mL injectable formulation. Dose: 0.2-0.3 mg/kg (max single dose 10 mg), repeatable in 5-15 minutes up to 0.5 mg/kg (max total 10 mg). Delivered intranasally (half dose per nostril) to assess response via Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale at 30 minutes.
DRUGOral Clonazepam
Participants who show \>50% reduction in PCRS score after the midazolam challenge receive oral clonazepam drops. Treatment starts at 2 mg/day and is gradually titrated over 2 weeks up to a maximum of 6 mg/day (in 2-3 divided doses) according to clinical response and tolerability. Participants are maintained on the lowest effective and tolerated dose and followed for 3 months. Patients who fail to achieve or maintain ≥50% improvement after 1 month at maximum tolerated dose (up to 8 mg/day) are shifted to ECT.
Participants who do not respond to the benzodiazepine challenge (\>50% PCRS reduction) or who fail oral clonazepam after 1 month at maximum dose receive bilateral (bitemporal) electrode ECT under general anesthesia using a brief-pulse, computer-controlled ECT device. The initial intensive phase consists of sessions administered twice per week for 4 weeks. Participants who achieve ≥50% reduction in PCRS score proceed to a maintenance phase with sessions once per week for an additional 8 weeks (total treatment duration up to 12 weeks). Pre-ECT evaluation includes CBC, liver and renal function tests, thyroid profile, coagulation profile, ECG, and neuroimaging as clinically indicated.
OTHERStandard Assessments and Monitoring
All participants undergo standardized assessments including psychiatric evaluation (DSM-5), medical examination, IQ testing (Stanford-Binet 5th Edition), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), ADOS-2 (Module 1 or 2), PCRS (at baseline, 30 min post-challenge, and weeks 2, 4, 8, 12), and Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 8, 12. Side effects are actively monitored throughout the study.
Sponsors
Tanta University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Masking description
This is an open-label study. No masking is used, as all participants, caregivers, and treating clinicians are aware of the interventions administered.
Intervention model description
Participants with profound autism will be screened for catatonic features. Those who meet criteria for catatonia will enter a single treatment pathway and receive a benzodiazepine challenge test. Participants who demonstrate clinical improvement will continue benzodiazepine treatment, while those who do not respond will receive electroconvulsive therapy. All participants are followed prospectively without randomization or a comparison group.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
10 Years to 19 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* For Screening Group (to identify profound autism and screen for catatonia): Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years (defined per WHO as the second decade of life). Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) according to DSM-5 criteria, with significant language impairment. Exceeds diagnostic threshold on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) Module 1 (for minimal or no speech) OR Module 2 (for phrase speech) AND estimated IQ below 50 on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, 5th Edition. For Intervention Group (those proceeding to benzodiazepine challenge ± ECT): Meets all screening group inclusion criteria. Recent history of severe challenging behaviors (e.g., agitation, aggression, self-injury) refractory to at least two trials of Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) AND at least one adequate trial of an antipsychotic medication approved for irritability in ASD (e.g., risperidone or aripiprazole, with sufficient dose and duration). Screens positive for catatonic features on the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS; modified Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale for children and adolescents).
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of any neurological or medical condition that could affect cognitive or behavioral functioning (e.g., encephalitis, other active neurological diseases, renal failure, hepatic impairment, thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, or other uncontrolled systemic illnesses). * Any contraindication to benzodiazepines (e.g., known hypersensitivity, severe respiratory depression risk) or ECT (e.g., unstable cardiac conditions, intracranial mass, recent stroke, or other standard medical contraindications to anesthesia/general anesthesia). * Current participation in another interventional clinical trial. * Caregiver/guardian unwilling or unable to provide informed consent or comply with study procedures.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS) score from baseline to week 12 | Baseline, immediately post-benzodiazepine challenge (30 minutes after midazolam administration), Week 2, Week 4 , Week 8, and Week 12 (end of 3-month follow-up) | Severity of catatonic symptoms as measured by the Pediatric Catatonia Rating Scale (PCRS), a modified version of the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale adapted for use in children and adolescents. The PCRS is a clinician-rated scale with up to 23 items (maximum total score = 60), assessing psychomotor disturbances including stupor, mutism, posturing, negativism, withdrawal, excitement, stereotypy, mannerisms, echolalia, echopraxia, and additional pediatric-specific items(e.g.,refusal to eat/drink, social withdrawal, incontinence, acrocyanosis, schizophasia, automatic compulsive movements). Higher scores indicate greater severity of catatonia. Mean change in total PCRS score from baseline (pre-intervention) to week 12. The PCRS is the primary efficacy measure of catatonic symptom severity. A ≥50% reduction from baseline is predefined as clinical response. between 30 to 50 % reduction from baseline is partial response. less than 30% reduction from baseline is predefined as non response |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) Score | Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12 (end of 3-month follow-up) | he Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) is a caregiver-rated instrument designed to assess problem behaviors in individuals with developmental disabilities, including those with autism spectrum disorder. It consists of 58 items rated on a 4-point scale (0 = not at all a problem to 3 = problem is severe), yielding five subscale scores: Irritability, Agitation, Crying (15 items) Lethargy/Social Withdrawal (16 items) Stereotypic Behavior (7 items) Hyperactivity/Noncompliance (16 items) Inappropriate Speech (4 items) Higher subscale and total scores indicate greater severity of aberrant behaviors. In this study, the ABC (Community version or equivalent adapted for caregiver report) will be used to evaluate broader behavioral improvements, including challenging behaviors such as irritability, aggression, self-injury, and social withdrawal, which are common in profound autism with catatonic features. An Arabic-translated version (with author permission obtained) will be administered. This se |
| Response rate to benzodiazepine challenge test | 30 minutes post-challenge (single time point) | Proportion of participants showing \>50% reduction in PCRS total score 30 minutes after intranasal midazolam challenge (0.15 mg/kg, max 10 mg). Positive response defines benzodiazepine responders who continue on oral clonazepam; negative response leads to ECT pathway. |
| Proportion of participants requiring electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | Up to week 4 (decision point for ECT initiation) | Percentage of participants who fail the benzodiazepine challenge (\>50% PCRS reduction) or who fail to maintain ≥50% PCRS improvement after 1 month of maximum-dose oral clonazepam (up to 8 mg/day) and are therefore shifted to bilateral bitemporal ECT. |
| Incidence of adverse events | Baseline through week 12 (continuous monitoring) | Frequency and severity of all adverse events (including sedation, hypotension, and any other treatment-related events) occurring during benzodiazepine challenge, oral clonazepam titration/maintenance, or ECT sessions. Events are actively monitored and recorded at every study visit and during ECT procedures. |
Countries
Egypt
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORMohamed
Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University (or Tanta University
Outcome results
None listed