Adult, Muscle, Neuromuscular Adaptations, Resistance Exercise
Conditions
Brief summary
The aim of our study is to compare and investigate the effects of resistance exercises performed with free weights and those performed using machine systems on muscular parameters and neuromuscular control.
Interventions
DEVICEMachine-Based Resistance Exercise Group
Participants will perform supervised resistance exercises using weight machines (including machine-based biceps curl, squat, and bench press) at an intensity of 60-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions, 3 times per week for 8 weeks.
OTHERFree Weight-Based Resistance Training Group
Participants will perform supervised resistance exercises using free weights (dumbbells and barbell), including biceps curl, squat, and bench press, at an intensity of 60-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), 2 sets of 8-12 repetitions, 3 times per week for 8 weeks.
Sponsors
Biruni University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
DOUBLE (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Participants will be randomly assigned to two parallel groups: a free-weight resistance exercise group and a machine-based resistance exercise group.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Being an individual between the ages of 18-30 years * Being physically inactive according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (\<600 MET-min/week) * Residing in Istanbul * Voluntary participation in the study.
Exclusion criteria
* Having a neurological or cardiopulmonary system problem that prevents exercise. * Having mental dysfunction. * Having an acute musculoskeletal injury which limits exercise participant * Being pregnant. * Having answered "YES" to any question on the Exercise Readiness Questionnaire.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Strength | 8 weeks | Maximal voluntary strength of major muscle groups (upper and lower extremity) will be measured using 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for biceps curl, squat, and bench press. The heaviest weight that can be lifted once with proper form is recorded. Higher values indicate greater muscle strength. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscular Endurance - Upper Extremity | 8 weeks | Upper extremity endurance will be assessed using the push-up test. Participants perform as many correct repetitions as possible within 1 minute. Higher repetitions indicate greater muscular endurance. |
| Muscular Endurance - Lower Extremity | 8 weeks | Lower extremity endurance will be assessed using the squat test. Participants perform as many correct repetitions as possible in one minute period. Higher repetitions indicate better muscular endurance. |
| Neuromuscular Control - Upper Extremity | 8 weeks | Upper extremity neuromuscular control will be measured using the Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test. Participants perform hand touches over a marked line in 15 seconds. The average number of successful touches over 3 trials is recorded; higher scores indicate better neuromuscular control. |
| Neuromuscular Control - Lower Extremity | 8 weeks | Lower extremity neuromuscular control will be measured using the Y-Balance Test. Participants maintain balance on one leg while reaching with the other leg in three directions (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral). Average reach distances over 3 trials are recorded. Greater distances indicate better neuromuscular control. |
| Proprioception - Knee Joint | 8 weeks | Knee joint position sense will be assessed using digital goniometry at 15° and 60° flexion. Participants reproduce target angles with eyes closed. Absolute angular error in degrees is recorded; lower errors indicate better proprioception |
| Proprioception - Elbow Joint | 8 weeks | Elbow joint position sense will be assessed using digital goniometry at 30°, 60°, and 90° flexion. Absolute angular error is recorded; lower values indicate better proprioception. |
| Participant Satisfaction and Perceived Change | Post-intervention (after 8 weeks) | Global Rating of Change (GROC) scale will be used. Participants rate perceived improvement after the exercise program on a 7-point numerical scale. Higher scores indicate greater perceived improvement. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTBegüm Kara Kaya, PhD
Outcome results
None listed