Shoulder Pain
Conditions
Brief summary
Massive rotator cuff tears are associated with significant pain, functional limitations, and prolonged rehabilitation following surgical repair. In the early postoperative phase, rehabilitation protocols are often limited due to surgical protection requirements, which may delay the restoration of motor control and shoulder function. Graded motor imagery (GMI), a movement representation technique that includes laterality recognition, motor imagery, and mirror therapy, has been shown to modulate cortical processing and improve pain and motor function in various musculoskeletal and neurological conditions. However, its potential role in early postoperative shoulder rehabilitation has not been adequately investigated.
Interventions
OTHERGraded Motor İmagery
The graded motor imagery program will include laterality recognition training, motor imagery exercises, and mirror therapy tasks aimed at activating cortical motor networks without physical shoulder movement during the early postoperative phase.
Sponsors
Acibadem University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
30 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age between 30 and 65 years * Presence of an arthroscopically repaired anterior-superior rotator cuff tear, involving the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons
Exclusion criteria
* Age younger than 30 years or older than 65 years * Presence of severe malignant, hematological, endocrine, metabolic, rheumatologic, or gastrointestinal diseases * Diagnosis of glenohumeral osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence grade III or higher, with radiographic evidence of osteophytes) * Current treatment with cytotoxic agents or systemic corticosteroids * Alcohol dependence, history of substance abuse, or psychological/emotional disorders that may compromise the validity of informed consent * Previous surgery on the ipsilateral shoulder * Multiple tendon tears, such as combined tears involving the supraspinatus together with the infraspinatus or subscapularis tendons
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain Intensity (Numeric Rating Scale, NRS) | Baseline (postoperative day 0), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after surgery. | Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), where participants rate their average shoulder pain over the past 24 hours on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain). Pain will be evaluated at rest, during activity, and at night. |
| Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV) | Baseline (postoperative day 0), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. | Participants will rate the overall function of their shoulder on a 10-cm scale ranging from "as bad as it could be" to "as good as it could be." |
| Passive Shoulder Range of Motion | 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after surgery. | Passive shoulder range of motion will be measured using a goniometer. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) | 6 weeks and 12 weeks after surgery. | The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a self-reported questionnaire consisting of pain (5 items) and disability (8 items) subscales. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater pain and functional limitation. |
| Motor Imagery Ability (VMIQ-2) | Baseline (postoperative day 0), 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. | Motor imagery ability will be evaluated using the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2), which assesses internal visual imagery, external visual imagery, and kinesthetic imagery across 36 items. Lower scores indicate more vivid imagery ability. |
| Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) | Baseline (postoperative day 0), 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. | The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia evaluates fear of movement related to pain. Scores range from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement. |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) | Baseline (postoperative day 0), 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. | The PCS assesses catastrophic thinking related to pain across 13 items. Total scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater catastrophizing. |
| Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (PSEQ) | Baseline (postoperative day 0), 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. | The PSEQ measures confidence in performing activities despite pain. Scores range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy. |
Contacts
CONTACTNuray ALACA
Outcome results
None listed