Energy Balance, Energy Expenditure, Males and Females, Resistance Exercise
Conditions
Brief summary
There is growing evidence that males and females may exhibit different acute responses and long-term adaptations to exercise training. Accordingly, contemporary exercise physiology research increasingly recognizes sex as an important biological variable that may influence appetite regulation and energy balance. This year's project aims to investigate: (1) appetite regulation and energy balance following acute resistance exercise, and (2) potential sex-based differences in appetite regulation and energy balance in response to resistance exercise. Understanding both the overall effects of resistance exercise and sex-related variability in these responses is important for improving the physiological interpretation of exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy balance. Such knowledge may help to reduce heterogeneity in exercise research findings and support the development of more precise, evidence-based exercise prescriptions that are applicable to both males and females.
Interventions
OTHERresistance exercise (males)
Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 120 sec of rest between sets.
OTHERresistance exercise (females)
During the early follicular phase, participants completed a standardized resistance exercise protocol consisting of squat, bench press, and deadlift, performed in a fixed order. Each exercise comprised three sets of seven repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 120 s of rest between sets.
Sponsors
National Taiwan Normal University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy males and females aged 20-30 years * Females with a regular menstrual cycle * Stable body weight, defined as no significant change in body weight during the past 6 months * Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Obesity, defined as: * Body mass index (BMI) \> 30 kg/m² * Body fat percentage \> 25% in males * Body fat percentage \> 30% in females * Hypertension, defined as resting blood pressure \> 140/90 mmHg * History of cardiovascular disease * History of cancer * History of liver disease * History of kidney disease * Presence of any medical condition that may interfere with study outcomes
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective appetite | 3 hours during each study intervention | The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.". |
| Change in acyl-Ghrelin | 3 hours during each study intervention | acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL |
| Change in PYY | 3 hours during each study intervention | PYY in pg/mL |
| Change in lactate | 3 hours during each study intervention | lactate in mmol/L |
| Energy intake | The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment. | Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day (include following exercise ad-libitum), and the day following the experiment. The energy intake include absolute energy intake and relative energy intake . |
| change in Cortisol | 3 hours during each study intervention | Cortisol mcg/dL |
| Energy expenditure | The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment. | Energy expenditure will include resting energy expenditure (REE), exercise energy expenditure, and non-exercise energy expenditure. REE will be measured using indirect calorimetry (MetaLyzer 3B; VO₂ and VCO₂ exchange). Exercise energy expenditure will be recorded during the resistance exercise session, and non-exercise energy expenditure will be assessed using an accelerometer. Total energy expenditure will be calculated as the sum of these components. |
| Energy Balance | The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment. | Energy balance will be calculated as total energy intake (EI) minus total energy expenditure (TEE). Total energy intake will include energy consumed during the laboratory ad-libitum meal and energy intake recorded outside the laboratory during the monitoring period. Total energy expenditure will include resting energy expenditure, exercise energy expenditure, and non-exercise energy expenditure, as previously described. Energy balance will be expressed in kilocalories (kcal), with positive values indicating energy surplus and negative values indicating energy deficit. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Leeds food preference questionnaire | 3 hours during each study intervention | Explicit liking A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely." Explicit wanting A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, "How much do you want some of this food now?" with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely." Implicit wanting Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation. Relative preference Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, "Which food do you desire the most at the moment?". |
| 10 Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 1-hour during each exercise intervention | Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE) will be assessed using the Borg Category-Ratio 10 (CR10) scale during resistance exercise. The scale ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 indicates very light exertion and 10 indicates maximal exertion. Higher scores represent greater perceived exercise intensity. |
| Heart rate (HR) | 3-hour during each study intervention | HR will be measured during each study intervention. HRV (Heart Rate Variability) will be measured during each study intervention. |
| Estradiol (E2) | Baseline for each trial (female participants only). | Estradiol (E2) concentration in pg/mL, measured from blood samples. Baseline measurements will be used to confirm menstrual cycle phase for each trial. |
| Progesterone (P4) | Baseline for each trial (female participants only). | Progesterone (P4) concentration in ng/mL (or nmol/L), measured from blood samples. Baseline hormone levels will be assessed at each trial. |
| Concentric Peak Velocity | During each exercise condition. | Concentric peak velocity (m/s) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise. |
| Concentric Mean Velocity | During each exercise condition | Concentric mean velocity (m/s) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise. |
| Eccentric Peak Velocity | During each exercise condition | Eccentric peak velocity (m/s) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise. |
| Concentric Mean Power | During each exercise condition | Concentric mean power (W) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise. |
| Relative Concentric Mean Power | During each exercise condition | Mean concentric power normalized to body mass (W/kg) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise. |
| Concentric Work | During each exercise condition | Concentric work (J) will be measured using the Gymaware system during resistance exercise. |
| Velocity Loss | During each exercise condition | Velocity loss (%) across sets during resistance exercise will be calculated using data obtained from the Gymaware system. |
Countries
Taiwan
Contacts
CONTACTHung-wen Liu, Ph.D.
Outcome results
None listed