Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury, Balance, Chronic Ankle Instability, CAI, Healthy, Muscle Strengh
Conditions
Brief summary
This study aims to examine the relationship between lower extremity muscle strength and balance and to compare these parameters between healthy individuals and individuals with lower extremity injuries.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Biruni University
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury Group: * Aged between 18 and 40 years * Diagnosed with a unilateral ACL injury 6 to 18 months prior to participation * Diagnosis confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) * Ability to speak, read, and understand Turkish * Willingness to participate voluntarily in the study Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI) Group: * Aged between 18 and 40 years * Diagnosed with chronic ankle instability due to recurrent ankle sprains 6 to 18 months prior to participation * History of at least two ankle sprains * Ongoing symptoms of functional ankle instability (e.g., episodes of giving way, feelings of instability) * Ability to speak, read, and understand Turkish * Willingness to participate voluntarily in the study Healthy Control Group: * Aged between 18 and 40 years * No history of lower extremity injury or orthopedic diagnosis * Ability to speak, read, and understand Turkish * Willingness to participate voluntarily in the study
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of neurological, vestibular, or visual disorders that may affect balance * History of other orthopedic diseases or trauma * Presence of musculoskeletal disorders or cardiovascular comorbidities * History of physiotherapy, rehabilitation, or surgical intervention within the past 6 months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Dynamic Postural Control-ALFA Stabilometric Platform | Baseline | Dynamic balance performance will be assessed using the ALFA Stabilometric Platform. The device software calculates an overall dynamic balance performance score based on center of pressure. Higher scores indicating better dynamic postural control performance. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Static Balance Performance | Baseline | Static balance performance will be assessed using a single-leg stance test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. Participants will stand barefoot on one leg with hands on the hips, and the duration of maintaining balance will be recorded in seconds. Higher scores indicate better static balance performance. |
| Isokinetic Muscle Strength | Baseline | Isokinetic muscle strength will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. Peak torque values of the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexor (hamstrings), as well as ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscle groups, will be recorded. |
| Isokinetic Muscle Endurance | Baseline | Isokinetic muscle endurance will be assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer. Endurance-related parameters of the knee extensor (quadriceps) and flexor (hamstrings), as well as ankle plantar flexor and dorsiflexor muscle groups, will be recorded during repeated contractions. |
| Pain Intensity | Baseline | Pain intensity during activity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). The scale ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. |
| Kinesiophobia | Baseline | Fear of movement will be assessed using the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. The total score ranges from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed