Type 2 Diabetes
Conditions
Keywords
Exercise therapy, Self-myofascial release, Physical performance, Foot function, Plantar fascia
Brief summary
This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of adding self-myofascial release applied to the plantar fascia and gastrosoleus muscles to an exercise program on foot function, physical performance, and plantar fascia thickness in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Participants aged 30 to 65 years with controlled type 2 diabetes will be randomly allocated to either an exercise-only group or an exercise plus self-myofascial release group. Both groups will complete an eight-week supervised exercise program three times per week. The intervention group will additionally perform self-myofascial release using a foam roller before exercise sessions. Outcomes will include foot function, balance, functional mobility, gait performance, and plantar fascia thickness assessed by ultrasonography before and after the intervention.
Detailed description
This randomized controlled trial will investigate the effects of adding self-myofascial release applied to the plantar fascia and gastrosoleus muscles to exercise therapy on foot function, physical performance, and plantar fascia thickness in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Individuals aged 30 to 65 years with controlled type 2 diabetes diagnosed for at least one year and able to ambulate independently without assistive devices will be included. Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups. The exercise group will receive an eight-week exercise program, while the exercise plus self-myofascial release group will receive the same exercise program combined with self-myofascial release applied to the plantar fascia and gastrosoleus muscles. The eight-week exercise program will include supervised general strengthening exercises targeting the upper and lower extremities, back, and core muscles, as well as stretching exercises for warm up and cool down, performed three times per week. In addition, participants will be advised to perform at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity walking. Adherence will be supported with an informational brochure and monitored using an exercise diary. Self-myofascial release will be applied using a foam roller three times per week for eight weeks before the exercise sessions. Outcome measures will include the Foot Function Index, single-leg stance test with eyes open and closed, Timed Up and Go test, unilateral heel-rise test, Berg Balance Scale, and 10-meter walk test performed under single-task and dual-task conditions, including a cognitive task (verbal fluency using words starting with the letter "k") and a motor task (continuous head rotations paced at 40 beats per minute using a metronome). Plantar fascia thickness will be assessed by ultrasonography. All assessments will be conducted before and after the eight-week intervention.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALExercise Program
An 8-week supervised strengthening and stretching program performed three times weekly, with advice to perform at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity walking.
Self-myofascial release applied to the plantar fascia and gastrosoleus muscles using a foam roller three times per week for eight weeks before exercise sessions.
Sponsors
Izmir Katip Celebi University
Cigli Regional Training Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
30 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Individuals aged 30 to 65 years * Diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus for at least 1 year * Controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus * Able to ambulate independently without assistive devices
Exclusion criteria
* Severe pes planus or pes cavus defined by the Foot Posture Index-6 (FPI-6) (score ≥ +10 or ≤ -5) * History of plantar fasciitis * Plantar fascia ulceration * Peripheral neuropathy * Diagnosed peripheral vascular disease * History of lower extremity surgery or fracture during last year * Rheumatologic or connective tissue disorders affecting soft tissue properties * Neurological or diagnosed cognitive disorders * Pregnancy * Other types of diabetes mellitus * Obesity (BMI \> 30 kg/m²) * Serious cardiopulmonary disorders, including heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Foot Function Index (FFI) | Baseline and 8 weeks | The Foot Function Index will be used to assess pain and disability related to foot function. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Single-Leg Stance Test (Eyes Open and Eyes Closed) | Baseline and 8 weeks | Static balance will be assessed using the single-leg stance test under eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions. |
| Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) | Baseline and 8 weeks | Functional mobility will be evaluated using the Timed Up and Go test. |
| Unilateral Heel-Rise Test | Baseline and 8 weeks | Calf muscle endurance will be assessed using the unilateral heel-rise test. |
| Berg Balance Scale (BBS) | Baseline and 8 weeks | Balance performance will be assessed using the Berg Balance Scale. |
| 10-Meter Walk Test (Single-Task and Dual-Task) | Baseline and 8 weeks | Gait performance will be assessed using the 10-meter walk test under single-task and dual-task conditions, including a cognitive task (verbal fluency using words starting with the letter "k") and a motor task (continuous head rotations paced at 40 beats per minute using a metronome). |
| Plantar Fascia Thickness | Baseline and 8 weeks | Plantar fascia thickness will be measured using ultrasonography. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTSümena HAREKET KARAKAYA, PT
CONTACTMüge KIRMIZI, PhD
STUDY_DIRECTORSevtap GUNAY UÇURUM, Prof
Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
Outcome results
None listed