Smoking, Smoking, Cigarette
Conditions
Keywords
Tabata Exercise, smoker, Maresin, nitric oxide synthase
Brief summary
Smoking causes chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction through alterations in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathways. Maresin is an anti-inflammatory pro-resolving lipid mediator that plays important roles in the resolution of inflammatory processes. Tabata exercise is a short-duration, high-intensity exercise modality with beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the effects of tabata exercise on iNOS, eNOS, and Maresin levels, as well as the relationships among these biomarkers, in smokers and non-smokers.
Interventions
OTHERTabata Exercise Protocol
The Tabata protocol consisted of 20-second high-intensity intervals exceeding 70 % of VO₂max and approaching \~90 % of VO₂max, followed by 10 seconds of rest, repeated for 4 minutes per set. Exercises included high knees, froggers, speed skaters, jumping jacks, and mountain climbers. Following the original Tabata design \[29\], each work-rest cycle was repeated eight times. Each training session began with a 10-15 minute warm-up and concluded with a 10-15 minute cool-down. The total number of sets ranged from 1 to 4, and the number of exercises per session ranged from 4 to 8. Training intensity progressively increased from 30 % to 89 % of maximal effort according to the principle of progressive overload.
Sponsors
Ataturk University
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age between 18 and 40 years * No regular participation in structured physical exercise for at least 6 months prior to enrollment * Absence of any acute or chronic inflammatory disease at baseline * No history of cardiovascular, metabolic, pulmonary, or neurological disorders * Ability to comply with the study protocol and complete the tabata exercise program * Provision of written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Initiation or cessation of smoking during the study period * Use of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, corticosteroid, or vasoactive medications * Acute infection, surgical intervention, or major trauma within the preceding 3 months * Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary artery disease, or chronic pulmonary disease * History of alcohol or substance abuse * Pregnancy or breastfeeding * Musculoskeletal or orthopedic conditions that could limit participation in tabata exercise * Inability to adhere to the exercise protocol or failure to complete follow-up assessments
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| serum inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) level | 6 week after exercise | iNOS level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. |
| serum endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) synthase level | 6 week after exercise | eNOS level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| serum maresin level | 6 week after exercise | Maresin level were quantified using immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, according to the manufacturers' instructions. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed