Dental Pain
Conditions
Brief summary
The present study aims to assess and compare the effectiveness of different technology-based distraction techniques on pain perception and dental anxiety in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder during different dental procedures
Interventions
BEHAVIORALVirtual reality glasses
Children allocated to this group were distracted using VR glasses during dental treatment which is an individual headset that has earphones incorporated. Age-appropriate cartoons and movies were shown to the children. The VR glasses were then introduced to the children. The children were given time to accommodate with the device before starting the procedure. The VR glasses were applied during the treatment.
BEHAVIORALWhite noise
Wireless kids' headphones were introduced to the children allocated to this group. They were given some time to accommodate with the headphones. Then, the white noise was played and children were asked to concentrate on the music during the procedure. White noise stimulus was set at 70decibels, within the "normal conversation" volume range and below what is considered harmful to hearing. The white noise of rain sound, managed with an iPhone application called Muse. The decibel level of white noise was calibrated using a portable digital sound level meter
BEHAVIORALBasic behavior management techniques
Children allocated to this group were managed by the basic behavior guidance techniques: (Tell-ShowDo). No adjunctive distraction tool were used.
Sponsors
Alexandria University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
7 Years to 10 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Children diagnosed with ADHD according to the DSM-V criteria and diagnosis confirmed by a pediatric neurologist. * All children should be on stimulant medication. * No previous dental experience. * Written consent of the legal guardian.
Exclusion criteria
* Children with physical disabilities or other psychiatric disorders. * Children with visual or hearing disabilities. * Patients requiring emergency treatment.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain-related behavior | The scores were assessed perioperative at 4 procedures: • During needle penetration. • During rubber dam clamp application. • During caries removal. • During placement of composite restoration. | Children's behavior using the revised Face, Leg, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale (r-FLACC). The r-FLACC scale has been identified as a recommended measurement tool for assessing pain in children aged 0 to 18 years, with a high level of intra- and inter-reliability. Each of the r-FLACC's categories is scored from 0 to 2, which results in a total score between 0 and 10: 0 'relaxed and comfortable'; 1-3 'mild discomfort'; 4-6 'moderate pain'; and 7-10 'severe pain or discomfort or both. The operator assigned a score to each child based on the child's behavior by analysis of the recorded videotape. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pulse rate | The pulse rate was recorded at the baseline and perioperative during needle penetration, rubber dam clamp application, caries removal, placement of composite restoration, and postoperatively after composite finishing and occlusal adjustment. | The pulse rate was measured using a pulse oximeter. Normal range is considered from 70-110. |
| Self reported pain | The scale was administered at the baseline (preoperative) and postoperatively at the end of the visit. | Self-reported pain was measured using the Wong-Baker FACES rating scale using six cartoon faces, from a broad smile (0, "No Hurt") to a tearful frown (10, "Hurts Worst"), to help children indicate their pain level, with scores increasing by twos (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10) to represent mild to severe pain. |
Countries
Egypt
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORNahla A. Aly, MSc
Alexandria University
STUDY_DIRECTORAmina M. Abdelrahman, PhD
Alexandria University
STUDY_CHAIRKarin ML Dowidar, PhD
Alexandria University
STUDY_DIRECTORTarek Omar, PhD
Alexandria University
STUDY_DIRECTORNourhan M. Aly, PhD
Alexandria University
Outcome results
None listed