Feeding Tolerance, Growth
Conditions
Brief summary
The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of early human milk fortification versus delayed fortification on growth and feeding tolerance in premature infants.
Interventions
early initiation of human milk fortification on feeding tolerance
Sponsors
Study design
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
* Preterm infants born at 28-31+6 weeks' gestation and/or birth weight1000-1500g. * Exclusively receiving mother's own milk or donor human milk. * No major congenital anomalies, severe sepsis, or NEC at enrollment. * Parental/guardian consent
Exclusion criteria
* Extremely pre-term infants * Infants with congenital gastrointestinal malformations or metabolic disorders. * Infants with confirmed necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC)Stage II/III or intestinal perforation before enrollment (as these cases indicate significant gastrointestinal morbidity that may interfere with feeding tolerance and growth assessment). * Infants whose parents decline participation.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| weight gain | 2 to 3 months | ● ≥15-20 g/kg/day (or as per predefined growth standards for preterm infants). |
| ● Linear growth & head circumference | 2 to 3 months | * Increase in length ≥0.8-1.0 cm/week. * Head circumference growth ≥0.5-0.8 cm/week |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ● Successful enteral feeding advancement | 2 to 3 months | * Achievement of full enteral feeds (≥150 mL/kg/day) without interruption. * No need for feed withholding or reduction due to intolerance |
| ● Absence of intolerance signs | 2 to 3 months | * Gastric residuals \<2-3 mL/kg per feed (non-bilious, non-bloody). * No emesis, abdominal distension, or NEC (Bell's stage ≥II). |
Countries
Pakistan