Non-verbal Learning Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
Perceptual-Motor exercise, Bilateral, Unilateral, Manual Dexterity, Visuospatial Memory, Non-verbal Learning Disorder
Brief summary
The goal of this semi-experimental study is to investigate whether bilateral (limbs of both sides of the body, such as left and right hands) perceptual-motor (PM) exercises and unilateral (limb of only one side of the body, such as only the left hand) PM exercises affect manual dexterity and visuospatial memory in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD). Each type of perceptual-motor exercise (bilateral vs. unilateral) is delivered in two different ways. Within each method, free-play and non-interventional activities are scheduled at different times (e.g., at the beginning vs. the end of the intervention phase). The main questions this study aims to address are: 1. Which type of perceptual-motor (PM) exercise-bilateral or unilateral-is more effective in improving manual dexterity of left and right hands and visuospatial memory in children with nonverbal learning disorder (NVLD)? 2. Which training sequence in unilateral and bilateral groups-free-play and self-oriented activities followed by interventional exercises, or interventional exercises followed by free-play activities-has a greater impact on right and left hands manual dexterity and visuospatial memory scores in children with NVLD?
Interventions
BEHAVIORALUnilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play activities
The first 18 sessions (3 days per week) students took the unilateral (PM) exercise interventional training program, where they used only their left hand for participating in interventional training program. The second phase started after 18 sessions interventional exercises, with 6sessions (one session per week) of non-interventional , free-play, and self oriented activates.
BEHAVIORALFree-play activities followed by unilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention
The first phase is 6sessions ( one session per week) of free-play and non-interventional activates followed by 18 sessions (three sessions per week) of interventional unilateral training program, where students have to use only their left hand for doing the assignments of protocol.
BEHAVIORALBilateral perceptual-motor (PM) training intervention followed by free-play and non-interventional activities in Phase 2
The first 18 sessions (three sessions per week) students took the bilateral (PM) exercise interventional training program, where they used their both hands for participating in interventional training exercises. The second phase started after 18 sessions interventional exercises, with 6sessions (one session per week) of non-interventional , free-play, and self oriented activates.
BEHAVIORALFree play non-interventional exercises in first phase followed by bilateral interventional exercises
The first phase is 6sessions (one session per week) of free-play and non-interventional activates followed by 18 sessions (three sessions per week) of interventional bilateral training program, where students have to use their both hands for doing the assignments of protocol.
Sponsors
Allameh Tabatabai University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
7 Years to 9 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosing with Nonverbal Learning Disorder (NVLD) based on Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V)
Exclusion criteria
* being left-handed
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Right-hand Manual Dexterity | From enrollment to the end of treatment in each group at 12 weeks | Pre-test scores are obtained using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) to assess right hand manual dexterity scores before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) is administered again to evaluate improvements in manual dexterity scores. Comparisons of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup are used to assess the effects of treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on right hand manual dexterity. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a greater number of blocks successfully transferred within the allotted test time using the right hand. |
| Left-hand Manual Dexterity | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12 weeks. | Pre-test scores are obtained using the Box and Blocks Test (BBT) to assess left hand manual dexterity scores before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the BBT is administered again to evaluate improvements in manual dexterity scores. Comparisons of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup are used to assess the effects of treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on left hand manual dexterity. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a greater number of blocks successfully transferred within the test time slot using the left hand. |
| Visuospatial memory | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 12weeks | Pre-test scores are obtained using the Chorsi Block Test (CBT) to assess visuospatial memory before the start of the experiment. After 24 sessions, when participants have completed both the interventional and non-interventional training programs in each group (e.g., unilateral and bilateral training groups), the CBT is administered again to evaluate progress in visuospatial memory. The comparison of pre-test and post-test scores within each subgroup allows assessment based on treatment type (unilateral vs. bilateral) and treatment order (interventional exercises in the first phase vs. non-interventional activities in the first phase) on visual spatial memory in NVLD children. Scores range from 0 upward, with higher scores reflecting a stronger ability to remember spatial locations and sequences of blocks presented during the test. |
Countries
Iran
Outcome results
None listed