Cholesterol (Total and HDL), Exercise
Conditions
Keywords
Exercise, Overweight, Obesity, Women, Cholesterol, Non-HDL
Brief summary
This study investigated the effects of a step-aerobics program versus a core exercise program on serum non-HDL-C levels and other cardiometabolic parameters in sedentary women with overweight/obesity.
Detailed description
Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) is a key predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet the comparative effects of different exercise modalities on this marker, particularly in high-risk populations, are not fully understood. This study investigated the effects of a step-aerobics program versus a core exercise program on serum non-HDL-C levels and other cardiometabolic parameters in sedentary women with overweight/obesity. Forty-five with overweight/obesity sedentary women were randomly assigned to either a step aerobics group (SAG; n=25) or a core exercise group (CEG; n=20). Both groups participated in supervised exercise sessions for 60 minutes, 4 days per week, for 16 weeks. Exercise intensity was prescribed and progressively increased from 60% to 70% of the heart rate reserve (HRR), determined by the Karvonen formula. A 16-week supervised step-aerobics program is an effective intervention for improving the atherogenic lipid profile, particularly non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, in sedentary women with overweight or obesity.
Interventions
OTHERStep-Aerobics Group
Step Aerobics: The primary goal is to improve cardiovascular health and burn calories. It mainly targets the lower body muscles, including the legs, glutes, and calves. The arms and core also engage to keep pace with the rhythm.
OTHERCore Exercise Group
The primary goal is to stabilize and strengthen the body's center (abs, lower back, hips, and the area surrounding the spine). The focus is on resistance and balance rather than mobility. These exercises target the core region, including deep abdominal muscles, lower back muscles, the pelvic floor, and the diaphragm. They are generally more static (stationary) or controlled.
Sponsors
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Masking description
The patients were randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, into one of two groups of intervention: step-aerobics group (SAG) or core exercise group (CEG). An independent researcher produced the random sequence by computer-based random number generator.
Intervention model description
Two groups with a step aerobics group or a core exercise group
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
25 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Female sex, aged 25-45 years. * Sedentary lifestyle, defined as engaging in less than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week for the preceding six months. * Overweight or Class I Obesity, defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) criteria as a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 25.0 and 34.9 kg/m². * Willingness to participate in a 16-week supervised exercise program and provide written informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of diagnosed CVD, uncontrolled hypertension (Systolic Blood Pressure \>140 mmHg or Diastolic Blood Pressure \>90 mmHg), or diabetes mellitus (Type 1 or 2). * Current or past use (within 6 months) of lipid-lowering medications, antihypertensive drugs, or any medication known to affect metabolism. * Active smoking. * Pregnancy or lactation. * Any musculoskeletal, orthopedic, or other medical condition that would prevent safe participation in the exercise programs. * Participation in any structured, regular exercise program within the past six months.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Serum Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (Non-HDL-C) levels measured via enzymatic assay (mg/dL)on HDL levels in overweight or obese, sedentary individuals. | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 16) | Fasting venous blood samples will be collected at baseline and after the 16-week intervention. Serum Non-HDL-C will be calculated as Total Cholesterol minus High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) using enzymatic assay methodology. Results will be reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and percentage change (%) from baseline. Between-group differences in change scores will be compared using independent samples t-tests with significance level set at p \< 0.05. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Serum Total Cholesterol levels measured via enzymatic assay (mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 16) | Fasting venous blood samples will be collected at baseline and week 16. Total serum cholesterol will be measured using enzymatic assay. Data will be reported as mean ± SD and percentage change (%) from baseline. Bonferroni correction will be applied for multiple comparisons (adjusted α = 0.05/10). |
| Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) levels measured via enzymatic assay (mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 16) | Fasting venous blood samples will be collected at baseline and week 16. LDL-C will be measured using enzymatic assay. Results will be reported as mean ± SD and percentage change (%) from baseline. Statistical significance will be assessed using independent samples t-tests with Bonferroni correction applied (adjusted α = 0.05/10). |
| Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels measured via enzymatic assay (mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 16) | Fasting venous blood samples will be collected at baseline and week 16. HDL-C will be measured using enzymatic assay. Data will be reported as mean ± SD and percentage change (%) from baseline. Between-group comparisons will be performed using independent samples t-tests with Bonferroni correction (adjusted α = 0.05/10). |
| Serum Triglycerides levels measured via enzymatic assay (mg/dL) | Baseline (Week 0) and Post-Intervention (Week 16) | Fasting venous blood samples will be collected at baseline and week 16. Triglycerides will be measured using enzymatic assay. Results will be reported as mean ± SD and percentage change (%) from baseline. Statistical analysis will include independent samples t-tests with Bonferroni correction applied (adjusted α = 0.05/10). |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed