Obesity & Overweight
Conditions
Keywords
obesity, overweight, high-intensity interval training, skeletal muscle
Brief summary
Obesity is a major challenge for public health and renders it imperative to reduce its prevalence. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a form of exercise training that can efficiently induce weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity, even in the absence of dietary intake manipulation. Hybrid type training represents a form of HIIT, that incorporates both cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal stimuli, by combining multiple types of exercise into a circuit-type, interval style workout. Recent evidence suggests that long-term participation in hybrid HIIT results in significant health-related benefits. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the chronic effects of hybrid HIIT on cardiometabolic and musculoskeletal health remains to be elucidated.
Detailed description
A total number of 30 adults (both males and females) aged 30-50, meeting the inclusion criteria, will be enrolled in this study. Participants will be randomly assigned to either (i) a Control group or (ii) an Intervention group. The Intervention group will participate in three hybrid-type HIIT sessions per week over a 6-month period while receiving a balanced diet. The Control group will receive a balanced diet over the 6-month period but will not participate in exercise training. At baseline and 6 months, both groups will undergo assessment of their anthropometric profile, body composition, resting metabolic rate, muscle strength and cardiorespiratory capacity and provide resting blood and skeletal muscle samples.
Interventions
OTHERExercise training
Participants will perform a six-month hybrid training program while receiving a balanced diet. The periodization of hybrid training intervention will consist of three 2-month phases of gradually increased exercise intensity and volume. In every training will participate 5-8 individuals. The training will contain 6-12 different exercises (stations), depending on the phase of the intervention, which will be executed in a circuit for a total of 2-3 rounds, with 2-3 minutes of rest period between sets (depending on the phase). The exercise execution will last 20-45 seconds, and the rest between them will last 30-60 seconds (depending on the phase), while the exercise intensity will range from 75 to 85% of maximal heart rate. The stations of hybrid training will contain multi-joint exercises or neuromuscular activation exercises using either body weight resistance or portable equipment.
OTHERControl group
Participants will receive a balanced diet but will not participate in any type of exercise training over a six month period.
Sponsors
University of Thessaly
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
30 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* BMI: \>25 kg/m2 and \<40 kg/m2 * Untrained individuals (abstain \>1 year from exercise training) * No dietary intervention over the last 6 months preceding the study * Low cardiorespiratory fitness level (VO2max: \<45 ml/kg/min) * No use of any medication, dietary supplements * Low risk for cardiovascular disease * A weight loss \<10% over the last 6 months preceding the study * Free of non-communicable diseases (excluding metabolic syndrome)
Exclusion criteria
* Low participation rate (\<80% completion of the exercise training sessions) * Unbalanced diet * Participation in additional exercise training regimes * Cosumption of anti-inflammatory of pain relief medication
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in mitochondrial size | At baseline and at 6 months | Mitochondrial size will be measured using transmission electron microscope |
| Change in mitochondrial density | At baseline and at 6 months | Mitochondrial density will be measured using transmission electron microscope |
| Change in mitochondrial count | At baseline and at 6 months | Mitochondrial count will be determined using transmission electron microscope |
| Change in mitochondrial distribution | At baseline and at 6 months | Mitochondrial distribution will be determined using transmission electron microscope |
| Change in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) | At baseline and at 6 months | Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) will be assessed during a cardiopulmonary exercise testing by using a portable indirect calorimetry system |
| Change in muscle fiber cross-sectional area | At baseline and at 6 months | Muscle fiber cross-sectional area (μm2) will be measured using immunohistochemical staining for myosin heavy chain |
| Change in PAX7+ satellite cells count | At baseline and at 6 months | PAX7+ satellite cells will be determined using immunohistochemistry techniques. |
| Change in total protein content | At baseline and at 6 months | Total protein content (total RNA) will be determined in skeletal muscle tissue using real time quantitative-Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-PCR) technique |
| Change in myonuclei content | At baseline and at 6 months | Myonuclei content will be determined in skeletal muscle tissue using immunohistochemistry techniques |
| Change in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator -1a (PGC-1a) expression | At baseline and at 6 months | PGC-1a expression in skeletal muscle tissue will be assessed using immunoblotting techniques. |
| Change in Krebs cycle (TCA cycle) enzymes activity | At baseline and at 6 months | Krebs cycle enzymes activity will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer |
| Change in protein expression of respiratory chain complexes | At baseline and at 6 months | Protein expression of respiratory chain complexes will be determined using immunoblotting techniques |
| Change in cytochrome C oxidase amount and expression | At baseline and at 6 months | Cytochrome C oxidase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques |
| Change in ATP synthase amount and expression | At baseline and at 6 months | ATP synthase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques |
| Change in citrate synthase amount and expression | At baseline and at 6 months | Citrate synthase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques |
| Change in succinate dehydrogenase amount and expression | At baseline and at 6 months | Succinate dehydrogenase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques |
| Change in NADH dehydrogenase amount and expression | At baseline and at 6 months | NADH dehydrogenase amount and expression will be assessed using immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting techniques |
| Change in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate | At baseline and at 6 months | Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer |
| Change in spare respiratory capacity | At baseline and at 6 months | Spare respiratory capacity will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer |
| Change in mitochondrial maximal respiration | At baseline and at 6 months | Maximal mitochondrial respiration will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer |
| Change in mitochondrial basal respiration | At baseline and at 6 months | Mitochondrial basal respiration will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer |
| Change in non-mitochondrial respiration | At baseline and at 6 months | Non-mitochondrial respiration will be determined using the Seahorse XF Analyzer |
| Change in body fat percentage | At baseline and at 6 months | Body fat percentage will be assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
| Change in diastolic arterial pressure | At baseline and at 6 months | Diastolic blood pressure will be measured using a sphygmomanometer |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in density and distribution of capillaries | At baseline and at 6 months | Capillarization will be determined using immunohistochemistry techniques |
| Change in skeletal muscle fiber typing | At baseline and at 6 months | Fiber typing will be determined using immunohistochemistry techniques |
| Change in GLUT-4 protein expression | At baseline and at 6 months | GLUT-4 protein expression will be assessed using immunoblotting techniques |
| Change reduced glutathione content in skeletal muscle cells | At baseline and at 6 months | Reduced glutathione content will be determined spectrophotometrically |
| Change in glutathione peroxidase activity in skeletal muscle cells | At baseline and at 6 months | Glutathione peroxidase activity will be determined spectrophotometrically |
| Change in glutathione reductase activity in skeletal muscle cells | At baseline and at 6 months | Glutathione reductase activity will be determined spectrophotometrically |
| Change in superoxide dismutase activity in skeletal muscle cells | At baseline and at 6 months | Superoxide dismutase activity will be determined spectrophotometrically |
| Change in fasting glucose levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Fasting glucose levels will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in fasting insulin levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Fasting insulin levels will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in glycosylated hemoglobin levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Glycosylated hemoglobin levels will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels | At baseline and at 6 months | HDL will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels | At baseline and at 6 months | LDL will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in total cholesterol levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Total cholesterol will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in triglyceride levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Triglycerides will be measured on an automated clinical chemistry analyzer |
| Change in general blood count | At baseline and at 6 months | General blood count will be measured on a hematology analyzer |
| Change in erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Erythrocyte GSH levels will be determined spectrophotometrically |
| Change in erythrocyte oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels | At baseline and at 6 months | Erythrocyte GSSG levels will be determined spectrophotometrically |
| Change in myostatin expression | At baseline and at 6 months | Myostatin expression will be assessed using immunoblotting techniques |
| Change cortisol concentration | At baseline and at 6 months | Blood cortisol concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) |
| Change in testosterone concentration | At baseline and at 6 months | Blood testosterone concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) |
| Change in growth hormone concentration | At baseline and at 6 months | Blood growth hormone concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) |
| Change in insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration | At baseline and at 6 months | Blood IGF-1 concentration will be assessed using immunoassays (ELISA) |
| Change in body mass | At baseline and at 6 months | Body mass will be measured on a beam scale |
| Change in bone density | At baseline and at 6 months | Bone density will be assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
| Change in fat-free mass | At baseline and at 6 months | Fat-free mass will be assessed using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) |
| Change in waist circumference | At baseline and at 6 months | Waist circumference will be measured using a Gullick II tape |
| Change in hip circumference | At baseline and at 6 months | Hip circumference will be measured using a Gullick II tape |
| Change in resting heart rate | At baseline and at 6 months | Heart rate will be measured using a heart rate monitor |
| Change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) | At baseline and at 6 months | RMR will be measured using indirect calorimetry |
| Change in systolic arterial pressure | At baseline and at 6 months | Systolic blood pressure will be measured using a sphygmomanometer |
Countries
Greece
Contacts
CONTACTIoannis G Fatouros, Professor
Outcome results
None listed