Physical Fatigue
Conditions
Keywords
Muscle oxygenation, Upper extremity, Physical fatigue, Flywheel training, Adolescent basketball players, Athletic performance
Brief summary
This study will investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, physical fatigue, and muscle strength in adolescent basketball players. A total of 36 healthy male adolescent basketball players aged 10-18 years will be included in the study and divided into two groups using stratified randomization: a flywheel exercise group (n=18) and a traditional strength training group (n=18). Athletic skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing test, dribbling test, shooting test), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Shooting Performance Index (FAPI). Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen meter. Physical fatigue level will be determined using the Modified Borg Scale. Upper extremity muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent hand dynamometer and the Seated Single Arm Ball Throw Test. The flywheel group will undergo eccentric weight flywheel exercises three times a week for eight weeks. The traditional strength training group will follow a strength training program using dumbbells for the same duration and frequency. All assessments will be conducted before and after the training program.
Detailed description
Adolescence is a critical period in which athletic performance and musculoskeletal adaptations develop rapidly. In sports that actively utilize the upper extremities, such as basketball, strength, coordination, and fatigue tolerance directly affect performance. In recent years, flywheel exercise systems, which allow for eccentric loading, have emerged as an effective training method for improving muscle strength and neuromuscular adaptations. However, scientific evidence regarding the effects of these systems on adolescent athletes is limited. This study was planned to investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, and physical fatigue in adolescent basketball players. The study will be conducted using a randomized controlled design, with participants divided into two groups: a flywheel exercise group and a traditional strength training group. Both groups will receive a structured upper extremity strength training program of equal duration and frequency. Throughout the study, all participants will continue their routine basketball training; only the strength training method applied will differ between the groups. Assessments will be conducted before and after the training program, and intra-group and between-group changes will be analyzed. The findings are expected to provide important information about the applicability of flywheel exercises in adolescent athletes and their potential effects on performance.
Interventions
OTHERFlywheel Exercises
Participants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity eccentric resistance exercises using the flywheel device, 3 sessions per week, with progressive load increase over time.
Participants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity resistance exercises using dumbbells, 3 sessions per week, with individualized progressive load based on 1 repetition maximum (1RM).
Sponsors
Istinye University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: a flywheel training group or a traditional resistance training group. Each group will receive its assigned intervention for 8 weeks, and outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention period.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
10 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Volunteer male basketball players aged 10-18 who have played basketball for at least one year, * Who have regularly attended training sessions for the past 6 months, * Who do not have an injury that would restrict their participation in training will be included in the study.
Exclusion criteria
* Those who have undergone upper extremity surgery within the last year * Those with neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic diseases (e.g., epilepsy, heart disease, asthma, diabetes, etc.) * Those who have sustained any upper extremity musculoskeletal injury within the last year
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Basketball-Specific Skill Performance | Baseline and after 8 weeks of training | Basketball-specific skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing, dribbling, and shooting tests), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI). Higher scores indicate better basketball-specific skill performance. |
| Muscle Oxygenation | Baseline and after 8 weeks of training | Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen monitor placed over the biceps brachii muscle during basketball-specific performance tasks. Higher oxygen saturation percentages indicate better muscle oxygenation. |
| Physical Fatigue | Baseline and after 8 weeks of training | Perceived physical fatigue will be assessed using the Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, which ranges from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (maximal fatigue). Higher scores indicate greater perceived physical fatigue. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Upper Extremity Isometric Muscle Strength | Baseline and after 8 weeks of training | Upper extremity isometric muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent handheld dynamometer. Measurements will include shoulder and elbow muscles. Strength will be recorded in kilograms or Newtons. Higher values indicate greater isometric strength. |
| Upper Extremity Explosive Strength | Baseline and after 8 weeks of training | Upper extremity explosive strength will be evaluated using the Seated Single-Arm Medicine Ball Throw Test. Participants throw a medicine ball as far as possible from a seated position. Distance of the throw will be recorded in centimeters. Higher values indicate greater explosive strength. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
Primary ContactHuseyin Melih Goktug Akpulat
Backup ContactBerrak Varhan
Outcome results
None listed