Postoperative Pain
Conditions
Keywords
caesarean section, pain, pranayama, comfort
Brief summary
This study aims to investigate the effect of pranayama breathing exercises on postoperative pain and postpartum comfort levels in women following caesarean section, with the objective of providing important evidence for the integration of non-pharmacological methods into postpartum care.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALpranayama breathing exercises
In this study, a pranayama breathing exercise protocol lasting approximately 14-15 minutes will be applied, aiming to increase relaxation and physiological well-being. Participants will prepare for the exercise in a supported and comfortable sitting position, breathing through the nose. The protocol consists of 3 minutes of diaphragmatic breathing, 5 minutes of alternate nostril breathing (Nadī Shodhana), 3 minutes of Ujjayi breathing, and 3 minutes of long, slow exhalation techniques. The exercises will be conducted with one-on-one guidance by a trained researcher; participants' comfort and any signs of discomfort will be monitored, and the exercise will be terminated if necessary.
Sponsors
KTO Karatay University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Undergone a caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia * Reported a post-operative pain level of at least 4 on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) * Knowledge of Turkish * Ability to communicate effectively with the research team * Volunteer to participate in the study and provide written consent
Exclusion criteria
* Having given birth by emergency caesarean section * Presence of pregnancy complications (e.g. pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, placenta praevia) * History of chronic pain or analgesic dependence * Requirement for admission to the intensive care unit in the early postoperative period * Need for additional surgical intervention * Development of significant intraoperative or postoperative complications * Refusal to exercise or intolerance to exercise * Failure to comply with study procedures * Withdrawal of consent * Incomplete follow-up * Development of a new medical condition during the study that could affect the results
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change from Baseline Post-Cesarean Postoperative Pain Intensity | Pain assessments will be repeated at 6, 12, 24 hours postoperatively in both groups. | Postoperative pain intensity will be assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), a 10-cm horizontal line where 0 indicates "no pain" and 10 indicates "worst imaginable/unbearable pain." Higher scores indicate greater pain severity. Pain scores will be recorded at baseline (preoperative) and at predefined postoperative time points. The outcome measure is defined as the change in VAS pain score from baseline.Pain will be assessed with a 10 cm visual analog scale "0" means no pain and "10" means unbearable pain. The assessment will be done before and at the end of the study. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Postnatal Comfort Level | Comfort assessments will be repeated at 6, 12, 24 hours postoperatively in both groups. | Postnatal comfort will be assessed using the Postnatal Comfort Survey, a validated instrument designed to evaluate physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental comfort in the postpartum period. Higher scores indicate greater postnatal comfort. Accordingly, the lowest score that can be obtained on the scale is 34, and the highest score is 170. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed