Lower Limb Amputation Above Knee, Lower Limb Amputation Below Knee, Lower Limb Amputation Knee, Phantom Limb Pain After Amputation
Conditions
Keywords
Phantom limb pain, Vibrotactile feedback, Lower limb amputation, Suralis system, Pain management
Brief summary
This study tests whether a vibration-based feedback device (Suralis) can reduce phantom limb pain in people with lower-leg amputations over 3 weeks. Participants wear the device daily and report pain levels, walking ability, and quality of life - with no known risks, as it's a CE-certified medical device. If pain improves, the study team will help participants apply for insurance coverage to keep using the system long-term. The goal is to offer a simple, non-drug option that may help ease chronic pain and improve daily function for amputees. Participation is voluntary and can be stopped anytime without affecting medical care.
Detailed description
This observational, prospective, single-arm pilot study evaluates the short-term effects of the Suralis vibrotactile feedback system (Saphenus Medical Technology GmbH) on phantom limb pain intensity, gait stability, and perceived quality of life in individuals with unilateral lower-limb amputation. The Suralis system consists of a sensorized insole with four pressure-sensitive zones (toe, forefoot, midfoot, heel), each mapped to a corresponding vibrotactile actuator embedded in a thigh-mounted cuff. Vibration parameters - including onset threshold, intensity (0-100 % amplitude), duration (50-500 ms), and spatial mapping - are individually calibrated via a proprietary iOS/Android app, allowing for personalized somatosensory substitution. The system operates autonomously during ambulation. The study protocol includes a 3-week baseline phase to confirm persistent phantom pain (VAS ≥ 3/10 daily), followed by 3 weeks of active intervention, and a 3-week washout/follow-up phase to assess sustainability of effects. All assessments are conducted at the study center and include standardized functional tests (TUG, 6MWT), validated German-language questionnaires (DSF, VR-12, DASS, FW7, GCPS), and daily VAS entries captured via paper-based diaries. The system's CE-marked status (UDI: FBS 1 912012142) confirms conformity with EU MDR 2017/746 for Class IIa medical devices; no adverse events related to device use have been reported in prior clinical use. The study design incorporates no control group or randomization, reflecting its exploratory, real-world application focus. Statistical analysis will be descriptive and exploratory, with non-parametric methods applied to ordinal outcomes (Friedman test) and parametric or non-parametric repeated-measures analyses for continuous variables, depending on distribution. No blinding is feasible due to the nature of the intervention. All procedures comply with the Declaration of Helsinki and have been reviewed by the Ethics Committee of the Hessian Medical Association (approval pending).
Interventions
DEVICEVibrotactile sensory feedback
The Suralis system delivers real-time vibrotactile feedback via four pressure sensors embedded in a prosthetic insole, each mapped to a corresponding vibration motor on a thigh cuff. Participants wear the device during daily ambulation for 3 weeks. Vibration parameters (threshold, intensity, duration, spatial mapping) are individually calibrated via a smartphone app to match each user's sensory perception and gait pattern. The system operates autonomously, requires daily charging, and logs usage data via Bluetooth. No additional therapy or medication is administered alongside the device. The intervention aims to modulate cortical reorganization and reduce phantom limb pain while improving gait confidence and safety, particularly under non-visual conditions (e.g., stepping backward or sideways). The device is CE-marked (UDI: FBS 1 912012142) and classified as a Class IIa medical device under EU MDR 2017/746.
Sponsors
Median
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Unilateral major lower-limb amputation (transtibial or transfemoral) * Presence of persistent phantom limb pain, defined as daily pain intensity ≥ 3/10 on the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) during the baseline period * Regular daily use of a prosthetic limb (minimum 4 hours/day) * Adequate German language proficiency to understand and complete study questionnaires and follow study procedures * Ability to provide informed consent
Exclusion criteria
* Unstable wound or skin condition at the residual limb * Inconsistent prosthetic use (less than daily or \< 4 hours/day) * Poorly fitting or non-functional prosthesis (as determined by study team) * Incapacity to provide informed consent (e.g., due to cognitive impairment or severe psychiatric illness) * Insufficient German language skills to comprehend study materials or complete assessments reliably
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) | Baseline (t1), end of 3-week intervention (t3), and 3-week follow-up (t4) - assessed via daily VAS entries averaged per time point. | Scores range from 0 to 100 mm, where 0 mm = no phantom pain and 100 mm = worst imaginable phantom pain; higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| German Pain Questionnaire DSF - subscales | Baseline (t1), end of 3-week intervention (t3), and 3-week follow-up (t4) - completed in person at study center. | A validated, German-language questionnaire that captures pain intensity, quality, chronicity (GCPS), well-being (FW7), psychological status (DASS) and health-related quality of life (VR-12). |
| Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test | Baseline (t1), end of 3-week intervention (t3), and 3-week follow-up (t4) - performed once per visit at study center. | Measures dynamic balance and fall risk by timing how long a person rises from a chair, walks 3 m, turns, returns and sits down. |
| 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) | Baseline (t1), end of 3-week intervention (t3), and 3-week follow-up (t4) - performed once per visit at study center; distance in meters recorded. | Assesses ambulatory endurance by recording the total distance walked (meters) in six minutes on a 12-m circuit. |
Countries
Germany
Contacts
Primary ContactJohannes Schroeter, Dr. med.
Backup ContactNatascha Raisig, M. Sc.
Outcome results
None listed