Anxiety, Pain, Venous Leg Ulcer
Conditions
Keywords
Music Therapy, Pain, Anxiety, Venous Leg Ulcer, Wound Dressing, Nursing Intervention
Brief summary
Objective: To evaluate the effects of different types of music (instrumental Turkish music and Western music without lyrics) played during wound care on pain, anxiety, and patient satisfaction among individuals with venous ulcers. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial, 97 patients with venous ulcers were assigned to three groups: Western Music (n=32), Turkish Music (n=32), and Control (n=33). Patients in the music groups listened to their assigned music during routine wound dressing, while all patients received individualized, evidence-based care. Pain and anxiety were measured with VAS and STAI before, during, and after dressing, and patient satisfaction was assessed with VAS post-procedure.
Interventions
OTHERTurkish Music Intervention
The music intervention was prepared by a music therapy specialist. Patients in the intervention groups listened only to the music portion of the therapy via a USB player. The music was played continuously and repeatedly in the outpatient clinic for approximately 30-60 minutes (for patients whose dressing lasted at least 30-45 minutes) at a moderate volume of 20-45 dB (sufficient to avoid interfering with speech or communication). To enhance the effectiveness of music therapy, the listening experience was structured with gradual variations in tempo and dynamics. Major tonal sequences were preferred to stimulate neural activity. The selected pieces included instrumental Western Classical music and Turkish music (Nihavend makam), starting at a tempo of 60 bpm (Adagio) and gradually increasing to 100 bpm (Andante). Examples include W.A. Mozart's Flute and Horn Concertos for Western Classical music, and instrumental compositions in the Nihavend makam for Turkish music.
OTHERWestern Music Intervention
The music intervention was prepared by a music therapy specialist. Patients in the intervention groups listened only to the music portion of the therapy via a USB player. The music was played continuously and repeatedly in the outpatient clinic for approximately 30-60 minutes (for patients whose dressing lasted at least 30-45 minutes) at a moderate volume of 20-45 dB (sufficient to avoid interfering with speech or communication).\[22\] To enhance the effectiveness of music therapy, the listening experience was structured with gradual variations in tempo and dynamics. Major tonal sequences were preferred to stimulate neural activity. The selected pieces included instrumental Western Classical music and Turkish music (Nihavend makam), starting at a tempo of 60 bpm (Adagio) and gradually increasing to 100 bpm (Andante). Examples include W.A. Mozart's Flute and Horn Concertos for Western Classical music, and instrumental compositions in the Nihavend makam for Turkish music.
Sponsors
Izmir Katip Celebi University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients attending the outpatient clinic with venous leg ulcers (CEAP classification: C6 - active ulcers) * Age between 18 and 65 years * Absence of neuropathy * Willingness to listen to music and voluntary participation * Literacy (able to read and write) * No visual or hearing impairments * No cognitive deficits; fully oriented to time, place, and person * Turkish-speaking * No formal music education
Exclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of diabetes or diabetic foot * Use of analgesic medications prior to or during routine wound care * Individuals younger than 18 or older than 65 years * Patients with psychiatric disorders * Individuals with intellectual disabilities * Patients with severe anxiety levels (STAI-S score 60-79 indicating severe anxiety)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain intensity measured by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | Immediately before wound dressing; Periprocedural period; Immediately after wound dressing | Pain intensity will be assessed using a 0-10 cm Visual Analog Scale (VAS), where higher scores indicate more severe pain. |
| State anxiety level measured by the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) score | Before the wound dressing procedure; Immediately after the wound dressing procedure | State anxiety will be assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S), a 20-item validated self-report scale that measures situational (state) anxiety. Scores range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety levels. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed