Chronic Postoperative Pain, Open Heart Surgery, Postoperative Analgesia, Analgesia
Conditions
Keywords
Open Heart Surgery, Chronic Postoperative Pain, Post-Sternotomy Pain, Thoracic Epidural Analgesia (TEA), Erector Spinae Plane Block (ESPB), Pain Management, Cardiac Anesthesia
Brief summary
This prospective observational study aims to compare three routinely used postoperative analgesia techniques in patients undergoing open heart surgery: intravenous analgesia, thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA), and bilateral erector spinae plane block (ESPB). The primary objective is to evaluate the impact of these analgesia modalities on the development of chronic postoperative pain at 3 months. Secondary objectives include assessing postoperative acute pain scores, additional analgesic requirements, extubation time, mobilization time, intensive care unit stay, hospital stay, respiratory complications, and the relationship between acute and chronic pain. No intervention is assigned by protocol, and all analgesia methods are applied as part of routine clinical practice.
Detailed description
This prospective observational study is designed to evaluate and compare three commonly used postoperative analgesia modalities in adult patients undergoing open heart surgery through median sternotomy: intravenous analgesia, thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA), and bilateral erector spinae plane block (ESPB). All analgesia techniques included in this study represent routine clinical practices performed by the anesthesia team, and no intervention is assigned according to a research protocol. Patients receive whichever analgesia method is chosen by the clinical anesthesia team based on individual clinical conditions. Thus, the study reflects real-world practice in a single tertiary cardiac surgery center. The primary objective is to determine the effect of these analgesia methods on the development of chronic postoperative pain at 3 months following surgery. Chronic pain will be assessed using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) and the S-LANSS questionnaire, administered either via telephone or in-person follow-up. Secondary objectives include the evaluation of postoperative acute pain scores, additional analgesic consumption, extubation time, mobilization time, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay, hospital length of stay, respiratory parameters, complications such as reintubation or need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation, bronchodilator use, sedation requirements, urine output, and perioperative hemodynamic stability. The study also aims to analyze the correlation between acute postoperative pain and subsequent chronic pain development. Eligible patients are those aged 18-85 years, classified as ASA I-III, with a body mass index (BMI) below 35 kg/m², and scheduled for open heart surgery at Karadeniz Technical University Farabi Hospital. Exclusion criteria include coagulation disorders, infection at the intervention site, psychiatric disorders, chronic pain treatment, allergy to anesthetic agents, inability to cooperate or communicate, prior open heart surgery, chronic analgesic or antidepressant use, and significant comorbid conditions affecting participation. Patients included in the study will have their perioperative data extracted from anesthesia records, ICU follow-up forms, and hospital medical charts. Routine postoperative pain measurements will be performed using the NRS. No additional procedures, medications, or interventions beyond routine care will be conducted. The study aims to enroll 90 patients (30 per group). Data will be analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Normality will be assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Parametric and nonparametric tests, including Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square test, repeated-measures ANOVA, and Friedman test, will be used as appropriate. A significance level of p \< 0.05 will be accepted. This study is expected to contribute to the understanding of analgesic strategies in cardiac surgery and their role in preventing chronic postoperative pain, improving recovery, and reducing complications.
Interventions
Routine postoperative intravenous analgesia (opioid and/or non-opioid medications) administered according to standard clinical care. This is not assigned by protocol and represents usual practice.
Thoracic epidural catheterization performed as part of routine postoperative analgesia management. This practice is determined by the clinical anesthesia team and not assigned by the study protocol.
Bilateral erector spinae plane block performed preoperatively as part of routine perioperative analgesia. The technique is applied at the discretion of the clinical anesthesia team and is not protocol-assigned.
Sponsors
Karadeniz Technical University
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Adults aged 18 to 85 years * Classified as ASA physical status I-III * Scheduled to undergo open heart surgery with median sternotomy * BMI \< 35 kg/m² * Able to understand and provide written informed consent * Eligible to receive any of the routine analgesia methods (intravenous analgesia, thoracic epidural analgesia, or erector spinae plane block)
Exclusion criteria
* Age \< 18 or \> 85 years * BMI ≥ 35 kg/m² * Coagulation disorders * Infection at the intervention site * Known allergy to local anesthetics or induction agents * Psychiatric disorders limiting cooperation * Use of chronic pain medications, antidepressants, corticosteroids, antiepileptics, or routine analgesics * Inability to cooperate, communicate, or follow commands * Physical or verbal performance impairment * Previous open heart surgery
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Postoperative Pain at 3 Months | 3 Months Postoperative | Chronic postoperative pain will be assessed 3 months after surgery using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10) and the S-LANSS questionnaire. Participants will be contacted via telephone or in-person follow-up. Chronic pain is defined as pain persisting beyond the expected healing period and lasting at least 3 months. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Additional Analgesic Consumption | 0-72 hours postoperative | Total amount and frequency of rescue analgesic medications administered during the postoperative hospital period. |
| Extubation Time | Up to 72 hours postoperative | Time from ICU admission after surgery to successful extubation, recorded from anesthesia and ICU charts. |
| Mobilization Time | Postoperative day 0-2 | Time to first mobilization (sitting, standing, or ambulation) recorded by ICU or ward nursing staff. |
| Acute Postoperative Pain Scores | 0-72 hours postoperative | Pain intensity will be measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS, 0-10) at routine postoperative intervals in the ICU and ward. |
| Hospital Length of Stay | Up to 14 days | Total hospitalization duration from surgery to discharge. |
| Postoperative Respiratory Events | Up to 14 days postoperative | Incidence of re-intubation, need for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), bronchodilator therapy, or respiratory complications. |
| Correlation Between Acute and Chronic Pain | From immediate postoperative period to 3-month follow-up | Correlation analysis between early postoperative pain scores (NRS) and chronic pain severity (NRS + S-LANSS) at 3 months. |
| ICU Length of Stay | Up to 7 days | Duration of ICU stay in hours, extracted from patient records. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
Primary ContactAli AKDOGAN, MD
Outcome results
None listed