Osteoporosis (Senile)
Conditions
Keywords
osteoporosis, Recreational Exercise
Brief summary
This study aims to evaluate the effects of recreational exercises such as Pilates, swimming and walking on muscle strength and balance in women at risk of osteoporosis. Study hypotheses: H1: Pilates exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving muscle strength among women at risk of osteoporosis. H2: Swimming exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving muscle strength among women at risk of osteoporosis. H3: Pilates exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving balance among women at risk of osteoporosis. H4: Swimming exercises will be more effective than walking exercises in improving balance among women at risk of osteoporosis. H5: Pilates and swimming exercises will have similar effects on improving muscle strength and balance among women at risk of osteoporosis.
Detailed description
Participants were selected from among women who had previously been diagnosed with osteoporosis risk by a physician and who applied to the Isparta Merwellness Pilates gym for exercise. The study is planned as a randomized controlled prospective trial. Participants were assigned to three groups using a computer-generated random number table (n=20). Pilates Group: Mat Pilates was performed three days a week for 45 minutes. Swimming Group: Moderate-intensity swimming was performed 3 days a week for 40 minutes. Walking Group: Brisk walking was performed 3 days a week for 45 minutes.
Interventions
OTHERExperimental Group 1
Sixty women aged 40-60 years with a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 were randomly assigned to three groups (Pilates, Swimming, Walking; n=20). Participants exercised for 40-45 minutes three days a week for 12 weeks.All exercises in this group were conducted by a certified Pilates instructor. Pilates exercises were performed on a mat.Session Content: Warm-Up (10 min): Breathing exercises, shoulder rotation, neck stretch, posterior pelvic tilt, and spinal mobilization exercises were performed. Main Section (30 min): Weeks 1-4: Basic movements - Hundred, Roll-Up, Single Leg Stretch, Spine Stretch Weeks 5-8: Intermediate variations - Double Leg Stretch, Rolling Like a Ball, Saw Weeks 9-12: Advanced balance-focused movements - Teaser Prep, Side Kick Series, Swimming, Leg Pull Front Cool-Down (5 min): Deep breathing exercises, hamstring stretching, and spinal Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.
OTHERExperimental Group 2
Participants in the swimming group completed moderate-intensity swimming exercises for 40 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up, 30 minutes of freestyle and backstroke swimming, and a 5-minute cool-down. Participants' heart rates were maintained between 60 and 70% of their maximum heart rate. Session content: Warm-up (5 min): Light swimming, in-water mobilization exercises Main Part (30 min): Weeks 1-4: Freestyle swimming with 25-50 m rest intervals Weeks 5-8: Alternating freestyle and backstroke swimming with 75-100 m rest intervals. Weeks 9-12: Continuous swimming sets (150-200 m) - technical development and endurance Cool down (5 min): Light swimming, stretching in the water Exercise intensity was monitored using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.
OTHERExperimental Group 3
Individuals in this group participated in brisk walking at 60-70% of their maximum heart rate for 45 minutes, three days a week. The program consisted of a 5-minute warm-up walk, a 35-minute brisk walk, and a 5-minute cool-down walk. A 45-minute walking program was designed three days a week (Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday). Terrace: Flat, safe walking track Intensity: 60-70% of maximum heart rate Session Contents: Warm-Up (5 min): Light walking, shoulder and hip mobilization Main Part (35 min): Weeks 1-4: 5-6 km/h brisk walking Weeks 5-8: 6-6.5 km/h brisk walking Weeks 9-12: 6.5-7 km/h brisk walking Cool-Down (5 min): Slow walking, calf, hamstring, and lower back stretching exercises.Exercise intensity was monitored in all groups using the Borg Scale of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Participation rates were regularly recorded, and individuals who participated below 80% of the program were excluded from the analysis.
Sponsors
Suleyman Demirel University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
A single-blind study was designed in which the patients would be unaware of their group allocation
Intervention model description
The study is planned as a randomized controlled prospective trial. Participants were assigned to three groups using a computer-generated random number table (n=20). Pilates Group: Mat Pilates was performed three days a week for 45 minutes. Swimming Group: Moderate-intensity swimming was performed 3 days a week for 40 minutes. Walking Group: Brisk walking was performed 3 days a week for 45 minutes.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
40 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Having a sedentary lifestyle (not having exercised regularly in the past 6 months), 2. No musculoskeletal or neurological conditions that would prevent participation, 3. Voluntarily agreeing to participate in the study.
Exclusion criteria
1. Use of medications affecting bone metabolism (e.g., bisphosphonates, corticosteroids), 2. History of fracture within the past 6 months, 3. Uncontrolled cardiovascular or metabolic diseases.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Handgrip strength | At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention | Handgrip strength was measured using a digital hand dynamometer (Jamar Plus+, kg). Three repetitions were taken during the measurements, and the highest value was recorded. The Jamar dynamometer has high reliability in individuals with osteoporosis (ICC = 0.95). |
| Trunk flexor and extensor strength | At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention | Trunk flexor and extensor strength were assessed using isokinetic dynamometry (Biodex System 4) at a speed of 60°/s. This method has been reported as a valid measurement tool for elderly individuals and those at risk of osteoporosis. |
| Berg Balance Scale (BBS) | At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention | Berg Balance Scale (BBS): A 14-item test scored between 0 and 56. The reliability coefficient in the Turkish adaptation was found to be 0.98. |
| Computerised posturography: | At baseline and at the end of the 12-week intervention | Computerised posturography: Static and dynamic balance were assessed, and centre of pressure (CoP) oscillation (mm) was recorded. Posturography is a widely used objective method in the osteoporotic population. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
STUDY_DIRECTORHULUSİ ALP, Professor
Suleyman Demirel University
Outcome results
None listed