Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
ADHD, transcranial photobiomodulation, cognition, prefrontal cortex, brain metabolism
Brief summary
The investigators have previously shown that non-invasive methods of brain stimulation such as the administration of transcranial infrared light to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) can result in improvements to cognition and emotion as well as brain oxygenation. This method is called transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM). The investigators hypothesize that tPBM can improve cognition and brain oxygenation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The investigators will investigate the effects of repeated tPBM sessions on cognitive functioning in adults with ADHD. Specifically, the investigators hypothesize that participants that receive tPBM will show improvements in response control, sustained attention, and working memory, as well as improvements in prefrontal hemodynamics and a reduction in ADHD symptoms.
Detailed description
This will be a double-blind, sham-controlled study to evaluate the neurobehavioral and PFC neurometabolic effects of repeated tPBM sessions in adults with ADHD. Adults with a history of medically-diagnosed ADHD will be recruited. Participants will be randomized to two arms: (1) active tPBM or (2) sham tPBM. All participants will complete three in-person sessions and one remote follow-up visit conducted online. Participant will receive three weekly sessions of tPBM targeting the PFC using a 1064 nm laser. Cognitive performance will be assessed using the continuous performance task and 2-back task at baseline and after the final tPBM session. The investigators predict that participants receiving active tPBM will show improvements in sustained attention, impulse control, and working memory. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings, collected at baseline and post-treatment, will be used to evaluate changes in PFC hemodynamic response and network interactions (functional connectivity). The investigators predict that active tPBM will enhance the PFC hemodynamic response and strengthen network interactions across prefrontal subregions. Lastly, ADHD symptomatology will be assessed using the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale at baseline, post-treatment, and at a four-week follow-up after tPBM. The investigators predict that participants receiving active tPBM will report progressive reductions in ADHD symptoms across time points.
Interventions
Active transcranial photobiomodulation to the forehead targeting prefrontal cortex involves administration of 1064-nm light delivered via laser with a 4 centimeter beam diameter and 250 mW/cm2 power density for 8 minutes per treatment.
Identical procedure as active group, but without 1064-nm light emitted by the device.
Sponsors
Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, PhD
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 44 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* English-speaking * Adults of any sex * Age range: 18-44 years * Any ethnic/racial background * Medical history of ADHD * Participants may either be on a stable ADHD medication regimen (with no changes within two weeks prior to the study) or not taking medication.
Exclusion criteria
* Currently pregnancy * Any sham or active photobiomodulation treatment within the past five weeks.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Performance on the Continuous Performance Task | 1. Pre-Treatment: Baseline (Visit 1). 2. Post-treatment: Two weeks later (Visit 3). | The Continuous Performance Task is a widely-used cognitive measure to evaluate sustained attention, vigilance, and response control. Participants respond to letters presented on a computer screen and inhibit their responses to the letter X. There is no score on a scale. An increase in Correct Rejections on CPT = better inhibition = better outcome of treatment. |
| Prefrontal oxygenation (functional near-infrared spectroscopy) | 1. Pre-Treatment: Baseline (Visit 1). 2. Post-treatment: Two weeks later (Visit 3). | Participants will wear a head-mounted functional near-infrared spectroscopy device that records changes in the concentrations of oxygenated hemoglobin potentially resulting from the treatment. |
| Scores on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) questionnaire | 1. Pre-Treatment: Baseline (Visit 1). 2. Post-treatment: Two weeks later (Visit 3). 3. Follow-up: Four weeks later (Online). | The ASRS is an 18-question self-assessment tool created by the World Health Organization (WHO) which evaluates symptom severity of ADHD. Minimum score=18; maximum score=90; high score = more ADHD symptoms; lower score after treatment = better outcome. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
CONTACTFrancisco Gonzalez-Lima, Ph.D.
Outcome results
None listed