Adolescent, Football, Healhty, Warm-up
Conditions
Keywords
Warm-up protocols,, Youth goalkeepers, Motor performance, Dynamic stretching, Balance, Explosive strength
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to examine the acute effects of different warm-up protocols on performance outcomes in adolescent male football goalkeepers. Specifically, it investigates the impact of aerobic running, static stretching, dynamic stretching, and movement preparation on flexibility, explosive power, and dynamic balance.
Detailed description
This randomized crossover study examined the acute effects of four 15-minute warm-up protocols-Aerobic Running (AR), Static Stretching (SS), Dynamic Stretching (DS), and Movement Preparation (MP)-on flexibility, explosive lower-limb power, and dynamic balance in 15 adolescent male football goalkeepers. Participants were licensed youth goalkeepers with consistent sleep, diet, and training routines. Warm-up order was randomized and both participants and administrators were blinded to the condition. Flexibility, power, and balance were assessed using the sit-and-reach test, standing long jump, and Y Balance Test, respectively, with the best of three trials recorded. Heart rate was monitored to maintain internal load at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum. All sessions were supervised by a certified sports scientist, and anthropometric data were collected prior to testing. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALIntervention 4: Movement Preparation (MP) Warm-Up
Description: Combination of light jogging, multi-joint mobility drills (e.g., lateral shuffles, inchworms), submaximal sprinting (80-90% max velocity), and low-intensity balance drills adapted from FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee.
BEHAVIORALIntervention 1: Aerobic Running (AR) Warm-Up
15-minute aerobic running protocol. Heart rate maintained at 60-75% of age-predicted maximum (HRₘₐₓ). Includes 7 minutes light jogging followed by slight intensity increase.
BEHAVIORALIntervention 2: Static Stretching (SS) Warm-Up
5 minutes light jogging followed by static stretches of six lower-limb muscles (gastrocnemius, quadriceps, hamstrings, hip flexors, adductors, gluteals). Each muscle stretched twice for 30 seconds, finishing with 3-4 minutes of light dynamic movements.
BEHAVIORALIntervention 3: Dynamic Stretching (DS) Warm-Up
5 minutes light jogging followed by dynamic stretches targeting the same six muscle groups over 10-15 meters with brief rest between repetitions.
Sponsors
Uşak University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
No additional parties are masked in this study. Only the outcome assessors are blinded to the warm-up protocol.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
14 Years to 15 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Biologically male football goalkeepers * Aged 14-15 years * Actively competing in youth leagues * Minimum training experience of approximately 3-4 years * Free from chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries that could affect physical performance * Maintain regular sleep and dietary routines during the study period
Exclusion criteria
* Current injuries * Chronic health conditions * Any physical limitations that could interfere with safe participation in warm-up protocols or performance testing
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Flexibility (Sit and Reach) | Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours). | Flexibility of the posterior chain was assessed using the sit-and-reach test with a standardized measurement box. Participants performed three trials barefoot with knees fully extended, and the best score was recorded in centimeters. |
| Explosive Lower-Limb Power (Standing Long Jump) | Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours). | Explosive horizontal power was measured by the standing long jump test. From a standing position, participants jumped bilaterally as far as possible. The distance was measured to the nearest cm from the starting line to the rearmost heel. Three maximal trials were performed with 2 minutes rest, and the best score was used. |
| Dynamic Balance (Y Balance Test normalized composite score) | Immediately post-intervention, after each warm-up session (4 sessions, separated by at least 48 hours). | Dynamic postural control was assessed using the Y Balance Test. Reach distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions were normalized to leg length. A composite score (mean of three directions) was calculated and used for analysis. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric Parameters (Height, Weight, BMI) | Baseline (Day 1, prior to the first warm-up intervention session) | Body height (cm), body weight (kg), and BMI (kg/m²) measured with stadiometer and electronic scale prior to warm-up interventions. |
| Internal Load (Heart Rate Monitoring) | During each warm-up session (15 minutes, across AR, SS, DS, MP protocols) | Heart rate continuously monitored with Polar RS300X. Intensity calibrated to maintain 60-75% of age-predicted HRmax, calculated individually using Tanaka formula \[208 - (0.7 × age)\]. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed