Acute Kidney Injuries, Alzheimer Dementia (AD), Cholinergic System, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Chronic Kidney Disease, Cognitive Decline, Dementia, Real World Study
Conditions
Brief summary
Kidney disease and dementia are both common in older adults, posing a significant burden on individuals and society. Growing evidence suggests that there may be links between the kidney and the brain. However, few studies have explored how these two conditions are connected in the general population. Understanding this link could help improve care for people living with either or both conditions. This observational project aims to explore the two-way relationship between kidney disease and dementia. The main questions the investigators want to answer are: 1. Does kidney disease increase the risk or worsen the progression of dementia? 2. Does having dementia increase the risk or worsen the progression of kidney disease (both chronic and acute)? 3. Do reno-protective drugs help protect cognitive decline? 4. Do anti-dementia drugs help preserve kidney function? To answer these questions, the investigators will analyze data collected over a period of 12 years, including people diagnosed with dementia, kidney disease, or both, using several large Swedish and international health registries: 1. The Swedish Dementia Registry (SveDem) 2. The Stockholm CREAtinine Measurements (SCREAM) project 3. The Swedish Renal Registry (SRR) 4. The GeroCovid Cohort 5. The Registry of Dementia of Girona (ReDeGi) 6. Cognitive impairment cohort from memory clinic, Karolinska University Hospital This study will apply both traditional and advanced epidemiological methods, including multivariable regression, survival analysis, mixed-effects models, and machine learning (ML) techniques to examine long-term trends and associations.
Interventions
OTHERKidney disease
This is a registry-based observational study investigating the association between kidney disease and dementia-related outcomes. Kidney disease is not assigned or manipulated by the researchers but is classified as an exposure based on diagnostic codes (e.g., ICD codes), and related laboratory test recorded in health registers.
Sponsors
Karolinska Institutet
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Population with dementia (all type) and kidney function measurements/Chronic kidney diagnosis
Exclusion criteria
* Population lack of important baseline and follow-up information such as year of birth and sex.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Mini Mental Status Examination | MMSE will be assessed at baseline (dementia diagnosis) and at each follow-up visit every 12 months, up to 15 years or until death, whichever occurs first. Data will be reported at each time point and at study completion. | The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a standardized test used to screen for cognitive impairment and dementia. It assesses five domains of cognitive function including: orientation, registration, attention and calculation, recall, and language. The score range from 0 to 30. A score of 23 or lower is indicative of cognitive impairment. The MMSE takes only 5-10 minutes to test. MMSE is used at both baseline and follow-up visits. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| All-cause mortality | Will be assessed continuously from baseline up to 15 years until the end of follow-up. | All-cause mortality will be defined as death from any cause, identified through linkage with the national death registry. Date of death will be recorded to calculate time-to-death from baseline. |
| Incidence of advanced dementia | Will be assessed annually from baseline (dementia) up to 15 years or until death, whichever occurs first. | Advanced dementia will be defined based on MMSE score ≤10. MMSE scores range from 0 to 30, with lower scores indicating worse cognitive function. MMSE score will be identified from clinical follow-up records. |
Countries
Sweden
Outcome results
None listed