Anemia, Nutritional Status
Conditions
Keywords
Randomized controlled trial, Schools, Adolescent nutrition, Tanzania
Brief summary
The overall objective of the proposed study is to determine the longer-term effectiveness and implementation of an updated school-based nutrition intervention package for reducing adolescent malnutrition. Aim 1 of the study is to determine the longer-term effectiveness of an updated intervention package on reducing adolescent malnutrition using a cluster randomized controlled trial in Dodoma, Tanzania. Four intervention schools and two control schools will be included. The intervention schools will receive an intervention package that includes school feeding, nutrition education, school vegetable garden, community workshops, and weekly iron and folic acid supplementation and annual deworming. The control schools will not receive any intervention. The intervention package will be implemented over one year. In each school, 125 adolescents aged between 14 and 17 and 125 mothers/female guardians will be enrolled. The primary outcomes will be moderate to severe anemia in adolescents and underweight in adolescents. The secondary outcomes will include anemia (any severity) and overweight/obesity in adolescents, diet quality in adolescents and mothers/female guardians, household food insecurity, and women's empowerment for mothers/female guardians. A baseline and an end-line evaluation of the outcomes will be implemented. Aim 2 of the study will be to assess the implementation of the updated intervention package by collecting quantitative and qualitative data from adolescents, mothers/female guardians, teachers, smallholder farmers, agricultural extension workers, school administrators, and governmental stakeholders. Using a convergent mixed methods approach, quantitative data (via questionnaires) and qualitative data (via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions) will be analyzed to evaluate the implementation of the intervention package and identify its implementation barriers and facilitators.
Detailed description
This study will be a cluster-randomized controlled study and will use a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the longer-term effectiveness and implementation of an updated school-based intervention package on adolescent nutritional status in six public secondary schools in Chamwino District, Dodoma, Tanzania. Specifically: * Aim 1 of the study is to determine the longer-term effectiveness of the updated school-based intervention package on reducing adolescent malnutrition. * Aim 2 of the study is to assess the implementation of the updated school-based intervention package. Study Design This is a two-arm study comparing an intervention group to a control group. Four schools will be assigned to the intervention arm, and two schools will be assigned to the control arm. The study duration is one academic year. Baseline and endline data collection will occur at the beginning and end of the academic year, respectively. Implementation and sustainability data will be collected towards the end of the intervention period. Intervention Arm (MEGA 2.0 Package) The MEGA 2.0 intervention is a unified package delivered to adolescents in intervention schools, comprising five integrated components: * School Feeding: Daily midday meals provided to all adolescents in intervention schools, meeting 60-75% of their daily energy and nutritional requirements. Meals will consist of traditional Tanzanian staples, green leafy vegetables, and will integrate local produce from farm-to-school partnerships and school gardens. School meal committees involving parents, teachers, and administrators will be established to enhance sustainability and community buy-in, with opportunities for mothers to be employed as cooks. * School Gardens: Establishment of a vegetable garden in each intervention school. Adolescents will participate in gardening activities under the supervision of a trained focal teacher. Agricultural extension workers will provide technical support. * Nutrition Education: Weekly sessions for adolescents led by focal teachers, covering health and nutrition, agriculture and school gardening, health benefits of vegetables, physical activity and body size, and WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). * Community Workshops: Bi-weekly workshops for mothers and female guardians, conducted by agricultural extension workers. Workshops will utilize school gardens as "model farms" and cover nutrition, agriculture, WASH, and entrepreneurship skills. Participants will receive seeds and gardening supplies as feasible for homestead gardens and guidance on local market entry and microfinancing schemes. * Weekly Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) Supplementation and Annual Deworming: Weekly IFA supplements will be administered to adolescents by focal teachers during nutrition education sessions. Annual deworming with mebendazole (500 mg) will also be provided. Control Arm Adolescents in control schools will not receive any study interventions. They will continue with standard of care practices at secondary schools in Dodoma. Currently, standard of care in Tanzania does not include school meals or government-run school feeding programs in secondary schools. Teachers in control schools will receive a hard copy of educational materials on nutrition, agriculture, and WASH to enhance their lesson plans and a community workshop manual, to use at their discretion.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALWomen's workshops
Community workshops that will engage mothers or female guardians in gardening, nutrition, and entrepreneurship, offering support and training for small businesses and homestead gardens.
OTHERSchool meals
Daily mid-day meals sourced locally and supplemented by school gardens.
OTHERSchool gardens
A school vegetable garden to grow green leafy vegetables on school grounds.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTIFA and Deworming
Weekly iron and folic acid supplements and annual deworming.
BEHAVIORALNutrition education
Nutrition education, led by trained teachers, that will cover health, agriculture, and WASH topics.
Sponsors
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH)
George Mason University
Africa Academy for Public Health
University of Dodoma
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
The study will have two arms - intervention and control. Four schools will be assigned to the intervention arm, and two schools will be assigned to the control arm. The five components of the proposed intervention package are 1) school feeding, 2) school garden, 3) nutrition education, 4) community workshops, and 5) weekly iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation and annual deworming. Adolescents in control schools will not receive any of these interventions but will be provided with standard of care practices at secondary schools in Dodoma. In addition, teachers in control schools will receive a hard copy of educational materials on nutrition, agriculture, and WASH to enhance their lesson plans and the community workshop manual.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
14 Years to 17 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. Adolescent Quantitative Survey: 1. Student enrolled in Form 1 or 2 in a participating school 2. Between the ages of 14-17 3. Parent or guardian provides consent for the adolescent 4. Adolescent provides assent 5. Fluent in Swahili 2. Adolescent Qualitative Focus Group Discussion (FGD): 1. Student enrolled in Form 1 or 2 in a participating school 2. Between the ages of 14-17 3. Identified by their teacher as a suitable candidate for the focus group 4. Parent or guardian provides consent for the adolescent 5. Adolescent provides assent 6. Fluent in Swahili 3. Mother Quantitative Survey and Qualitative FGD: 1. Mother or female guardian of participating adolescent 2. Provides informed consent 3. Fluent in Swahili 4. Focal Teacher Qualitative Semi-Structured Interview (SSI): 1. Teacher facilitating the meal, garden, education, and supplementation interventions 2. Provides informed consent 3. Fluent in Swahili 5. Smallholder Farmer Qualitative SSI: 1. Farmers involved in the provision of local produce for school feeding 2. Provides informed consent 3. Fluent in Swahili or English 6. Agricultural Extension Worker Qualitative SSI: 1. Extension workers involved in school garden and community workshops 2. Provides informed consent 3. Fluent in Swahili 7. School Administrator Qualitative SSI: 1. School administrators involved in the intervention 2. Provides informed consent 3. Fluent in Swahili
Exclusion criteria
Those who do not meet the above listed inclusion criteria.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Moderate to severe anemia in adolescents | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | Hemoglobin concentration \< 110 g/L in girls and boys |
| Underweight in adolescents | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | BMI-for-age z-score \< -2 by WHO growth reference |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Anemia (any severity) in adolescents | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | Hemoglobin concentration \< 120 g/L in girls and \< 130 g/L in boys |
| Overweight or obesity in adolescents | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | BMI-for-age z-score ≥ 1 by WHO growth reference |
| Diet quality of adolescents | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | Diet quality as defined by the Global Diet Quality Score; a higher score indicates a better diet quality |
| Diet quality of mothers | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | Poor diet quality as defined by the Global Diet Quality Score; a higher score indicates a better diet quality |
| Household food insecurity | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | Defined by Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; a higher score indicates more severe food insecurity |
| Women's empowerment in mothers | Baseline and endline (approximately 12 months after baseline) | Defined by the Abbreviated Version of the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI); a higher score indicates greater empowerment |
Countries
Tanzania
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORWafaie W Fawzi, MBBS, MPH, MS, DrPH
Harvard School of Public Health (HSPH)
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORDongqing Wang, PhD, MPH
George Mason University
Outcome results
None listed