Attention Problems, Behaviour Problems, Child Development, Child Mental Disorder, Maternal Depression, Parental Stress, Self-Regulation, Emotion
Conditions
Keywords
maternal depression, child attention problems, child behaviour problems, parental stress
Brief summary
This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the Building Regulation in Dual Generations (BRIDGE) program for caregivers with significant mental health concerns and preschool and young children (3-7 years old) with elevated attention and/or behavior problems. The BRIDGE program focuses on supporting parental psychological distress and improving young children's self-regulation (SR), thereby reducing their attention and behavior problems. The long-term goal of this work is to improve family well-being and social-emotional development for young children by implementing an accessible and scalable dual-regulation program. The investigators will achieve this through the following key objectives: 1. Assess the feasibility and accessibility of BRIDGE for preschool and young children (3-7 years old) with significant attention and behavior programs through questionnaires asking about attendance, satisfaction, and unmet needs. 2. Examine the efficacy of BRIDGE compared to control group at improving maternal mental health and child attention and behavioral difficulties in young children (primary outcomes). The investigators will also examine parenting stress (secondary outcome). 3. Identify predictors of academic readiness skills in preschool and young children. The investigators hypothesize that an increase in parental and child emotion-regulation skills and reduced attention, as well as behavioral problems, will lead to increased pre-academic skills in children.
Detailed description
Early exposure to parents' psychological distress and mental health challenges (e.g. elevated depression, anxiety, sleep problems and parenting stress) is a crucial risk factor for the development of children's own difficulties through the intergenerational transmission of a maternal mental health framework. The Building Regulation in Dual Generations (BRIDGE) program was designed to improve maternal mental health challenges (e.g. depression, anxiety, trauma, stress) and promote positive parenting thereby improving child behavior and mental health. It brings together evidence-based programs, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), behavior management, emotion socialization and mindfulness parenting strategies, and has made significant improvement in maternal depression, as well as the mental health of their children, with greater changes observed in mothers with higher psychological distress. This project addresses a gap in the current literature by focusing on parent-focused support for preschool and young children with attention and behavior problems. It aims to empower parents with tools and strategies to positively impact their children's behavior. The expected contribution includes understanding effective family-focused supports that address both parental and child challenges early on, promoting positive family well-being. This research has broader implications for clinicians, educators and policymakers by offering practical strategies to improve young children's behaviors and manage parental mental health challenges, ultimately enhancing overall child well-being and aligning with broader goals in child development and early education. The results will be disseminated through academic publication, and directly communicated within the investigator's network of community agencies, programs, clinics and school systems in both Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba. The current study will conduct a non-randomized parallel assignment feasibility pilot design to evaluate the feasibility and potential efficacy of the BRIDGE program in addressing parents' mental health difficulties and children's attentional and behavioral problems. The investigators aim to recruit sixty parent-child dyads (30 participants and 30 controls) to take part in the study. Participants in the intervention group will complete the 12-week online BRIDGE program, along with in-person assessments at three time points: pre-intervention (week 0-1;T1), post-intervention (week 12; T2), and follow-up (3 months; T3). The control group will complete the same in-person assessments without participating in the intervention. The investigator's primary aim is to examine the feasibility of BRIDGE on maternal mental health and their children's mental wellbeing, executive functioning, and social-emotional development. The investigator's secondary aims are to evaluate the efficacy of BRIDGE therapy in improving parenting stress and decreasing harsh parenting tendencies. Supplementary aims of this study include observing differences or changes for both mothers and children, in sleep quality, mental wellbeing, relationships, as well as child academic readiness before and after the BRIDGE program.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALBuilding Regulation in Dual Generations (BRIDGE; DBT + Parenting)
The BRIDGE intervention includes 12 weeks of 20-60-minute DBT and parenting skills training videos, delivered asynchronously via an online website requiring a participant login. Video content was drawn from concepts outlined in the DBT Skills Training Manual 2nd Edition (Linehan, 2015). Parenting videos will provide mothers with parenting skills education based on best practices in evidence-based positive parenting interventions (e.g., Parent Management Training, Positive Parenting, Kazdin, 1997; Sanders et al., 2014). The BRIDGE condition also includes weekly synchronous 1-hour virtual group therapy sessions and worksheets to complete weekly (as an opportunity to practice skill use).
Sponsors
McGill University
University of Manitoba
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
The study will recruit a group of caregivers who meet the current criteria for elevated symptoms of psychological distress as measured by a score of 5 and indicate symptoms to "somewhat cause difficulties" above on the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item, AND who have children with elevated levels of attention and/or behavior problems as measured by a CBCL ADHD subscale T-Score score of \> 65 OR confirmation of attention/behavior problems through a clinical interview. Eligible female caregivers (mothers, grandmothers, aunts, guardians) will be recruited, and the recruitment will occur concurrently over 12 weeks, will incorporate intervention materials from Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) and parent skills training (BRIDGE).
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
BRIDGE Therapy Group: Participants are deemed eligible for the BRIDGE therapy group if they meet the following criteria: 1. Above the age of 18. 2. Self-identify as a mother of a child between the age of 3-7 years old. 3. Currently living in Quebec, Ontario, or Manitoba 4. Fluency in English. 5. Mothers must have clinically significant symptoms of depression (mild to moderate on the Patient Health Questionnaire and indicate symptoms to "somewhat cause difficulties") currently affecting them. Participants also need to report symptoms of depression during pregnancy or shortly after birth. 6. Their child has attention and/or behavior problems (T-score \> 65 on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) ADHD subscales) or confirmed attention and/or behavior problems through clinical interview. Control Group: Participants are deemed eligible for the Control group if they meet the following criteria: 1. Above the age of 18 2. Self-identify as a mother of a child between the age of 3-7 years old 3. Currently living in Quebec, Ontario, or Manitoba 4. Fluency in English or bilingual 5. Mothers must NOT have clinically significant symptoms of depression (mild to moderate on the Patient Health Questionnaire) 6. Their child DOES NOT have attention and/or behavior problems (T-score \> 65 on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) ADHD subscales).
Exclusion criteria
BRIDGE Therapy Group: Participants were excluded if they A) did not meet the inclusion criteria listed above or B) were unable to attend the weekly BRIDGE group therapy sessions. Furthermore, eligible participants were invited to complete a semi-structured intake interview with principal investigator (PI) Dr. Tasmia Hai or a graduate student trainee under Dr. Hai's supervision, during which further questions about their mental health and child behavior were asked to ensure their eligibility. Based on the clinical suitability interview, participants may be excluded if they are deemed to be ineligible based on A) the mother's absence of clinically significant mental health symptoms, and/or B) the child's absence of attention and/or behavior problems. When relevant, participants may be identified to participate in the control group instead if eligibility is met. Control Group: Participants were excluded if they did not meet the inclusion criteria listed above. Furthermore, eligible participants were invited to complete a semi-structured intake interview with principal investigator (PI) Dr. Tasmia Hai, during which further questions about their mental health and child behavior were asked to ensure their eligibility. Based on the clinical suitability interview, participants may be excluded if they are deemed to be ineligible based on a) the mother's presence of clinically significant mental health symptoms, and/or B) the child's presence of attention and/or behavior problems. When relevant, participants may be identified to participate in the BRIDGE therapy group instead if eligibility is met.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in child mental illness symptoms | The CBCL 1.5-5 and 6-18 will be assessed during eligibility screening (T0), pre-intervention (T1), within a month following the intervention (T2), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). | Changes in child mental illness symptoms will be assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for ages 1.5-5 and 6-18. The CBCL is a parent-report questionnaire that measures child functioning across internalizing and externalizing symptoms. The CBCL contains 100 items, with scores ranging from 0-200. Higher scores indicated greater symptom severity. We will be analyzing changes in children's A) Total problem behaviors B) ADHD problems subscale scores C) Internalizing behaviors D) Externalizing Behaviors |
| Changes in parent report measures of their children's executive function skills | Assessed at pre-intervention (T1) and within a month following the intervention (T2), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). | Changes in children's executive functioning skills will be measured using the Behavior rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool Edition (BRIEF-P) or Behavior rating Inventory of Executive Function - Second Edition. The BRIEF-P is a 63-item parent-report measure and it assesses executive functioning in young children (ages 2-5) across five key areas: Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Working Memory, and Plan/Organize, evaluating skills such as impulse control, emotional regulation, flexibility, and memory for tasks. The BRIEF-2 is a 63-item parent-report measure and is designed for older children (ages 5-18). It includes similar scales, as well as additional ones such as Initiate, Self-Monitor, and Organization of Materials, to capture more complex executive functions required in school and daily life. Both scales' scores range from 63 to 189. Higher scores reflect more frequent or severe executive functioning difficulties. |
| Changes in maternal mental health symptoms | The PHQ-9 will be assessed during eligibility screening (T0) , pre-intervention (T1), immediately after the intervention (T2), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). | Depressive symptoms will be measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The PHQ-9 is a 9-item self-report questionnaire with possible scores ranging from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity. |
| Program Engagement | Attendance is measured weekly throughout the 12-week program and immediately after the intervention (T2). | Program engagement will be assessed in a variety of ways. Clinicians will take attendance during therapy sessions. At post-intervention, the investigators will ask participants to report on their use of the videos and homework assignments throughout the intervention. Participants will also complete a program acceptability questionnaire at post-intervention, which was created by the investigators for this project. The program acceptability questionnaire asks participants to rate how important various program components were to them and includes several open-ended questions for participants to describe their experiences in the program. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in parenting stress | Assessed at pre-intervention (T1), immediately after the intervention (T2), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). | Parenting stress will be measured using the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). The PSI-SF is a self-report questionnaire that requires respondents to answer questions regarding their overall experience with parenting stress using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Scores range from 36-180. Higher scores indicate higher levels of stress. |
| Changes in harsh parenting | Assessed at pre-intervention (T1), immediately after the intervention (T2), and at 3-month follow-up (T3). | Harsh parenting will be measured using the Overreactivity subscale of the Parenting Scale (PS). The Overreactivity subscale contains 10 items related to harsh parenting behaviors. Harsh parenting includes expressing inappropriate anger, irritability, or meanness towards one's child. Totals scores range from 10 to 70, with higher scores indicating higher levels of harsh parenting. |
Countries
Canada
Contacts
CONTACTTasmia Hai, PhD
CONTACTKayley Leurquin, BA Hons
Outcome results
None listed