Autism Spectrum Disorders
Conditions
Keywords
Swim Safety, Water Competency, Occupational Therapy, AquOTic, Drowning Prevention
Brief summary
AquOTic is an evidence-based, occupational therapy-led intervention designed to enhance water competency and swim safety skills in children on the autism spectrum. The 10-week program consists of weekly 60-minute group sessions, each including six children paired in a 1:1 ratio with an interventionist. Sessions follow a structured routine involving six rotating stations, targeting various swim and safety skills, with the flexibility for individualized support by the interventionist. Overall, this study has 3 major aims. The first aim evaluates the effectiveness of the AquOTic intervention in improving water competency and swim skills, while comparing outcomes between two implementation models: professional student interventionists (occupational and physical therapy students) and trained community-based interventionists. A total of 108 autistic children will be enrolled and randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) AquOTic with professional student interventionists, (2) AquOTic with community interventionists, or (3) a control group receiving no AquOTic intervention. The second aim explores the mediators and moderators of the intervention outcomes to assess fidelity and efficacy. The third aim identifies the cost and resources associated with AquOTic. A cost analysis will be conducted to evaluate the resources required for implementation and to inform the development of a scalable, cost-effective drowning prevention strategy for autistic populations.
Interventions
OTHERAquOTic
AquOTic is an evidence-based, occupational therapy-led intervention designed to enhance water competency and swim safety skills in children on the autism spectrum. The 10-week program consists of weekly 60-minute group sessions, each including six children paired in a 1:1 ratio with an interventionist. Sessions follow a structured routine involving six rotating stations, targeting various swim and safety skills, with the flexibility for individualized support by the interventionist.
Sponsors
Ohio State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
This study employs a hybrid Type I efficacy-implementation design, aiming to evaluate both the effectiveness of the AquOTic intervention and to advance the science of implementation. While hybrid Type I trials traditionally emphasize clinical effectiveness, this study extends beyond identifying implementation barriers and facilitators by preliminarily assessing proposed implementation mechanisms. Specifically, it will examine therapeutic alliance and attitudes toward the AquOTic intervention as hypothesized factors associated with high intervention fidelity. The trial will utilize a single-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, with participants randomly assigned to one of three study arms: (1) AquOTic with professional student interventionists, (2) AquOTic with community interventionists, or (3) a control group receiving no AquOTic intervention, while outcomes assessors will remain blinded to group assignment.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
5 Years to 9 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Children Participants (n=108) Inclusion Criteria * Educational or medical diagnosis of autism * Age between 5 - 9 years * Having vision and hearing within normal limits with or without corrective modifications
Exclusion criteria
* Children who demonstrate swim proficiency, as defined by the ability to tread water for 1 minute or move the body through the water without flotation * Open wounds or infectious skin diseases * Allergy to chlorine * Severe co-occurring motor impairments or neurological conditions such as uncontrolled seizures, Rett's or Angelman's syndrome * The family is unable to commit to the sessions or evaluations Interventionists (n=64) Inclusion Criteria * Aged 18 or over * Demonstrate swim proficiency, as defined by the ability to tread water for 1 minute and move the body through the water without flotation for 25 yards
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Water Orientation Test-Alyn (WOTA) 2 | At baseline, immediately post-AquOTic, 6 months after termination of AquOTic, and 12 months after termination of AquOTic | The WOTA2 measures a child's mental adaptation, adjustment to the pool, postural balance, and the ability to move and change position in the water, based on the Halliwick concept. WOTA2 assesses 27 swim skills scored on a 0-3 scale with a minimal detectable change score of 11.5. Higher scores indicate better skills. WOTA2 has high test-retest reliability (ICC=.97) and is validated for children with autism-like characteristics. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Water Orientation Test-Alyn (WOTA) 1 | At baseline, immediately post-AquOTic, 6 months after termination of AquOTic, and 12 months after termination of AquOTic | WOTA1 measures a child's mental adaptation, adjustment to the pool, postural balance, and the ability to move and change position in the water, based on the Halliwick concept. WOTA1 assesses 13 swim skills on a 1-4 scale with a minimal detectable change score of 4.5. |
| Water Competency Checklist (WCC) | At baseline, immediately post-AquOTic, 6 months after termination of AquOTic, and 12 months after termination of AquOTic | WCC was developed by the AquOTic team and incorporates additional skills not on the WOTA that are considered necessary for water competence. These include jumping in and resurfacing, treading water, and turning around in the water. This checklist is a compilation of items from other swim checklists such as those used by the American Red Cross and clinical trials of swim interventions in autism |
| Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) | At baseline, immediately post-AquOTic, 6 months after termination of AquOTic, and 12 months after termination of AquOTic | COPM is an individualized standardized outcome measure sensitive to change in performance over time. The COPM has been adapted for use in pediatric clinical trials for caregivers of children with disabilities. This measure will be administered by an occupational therapist via a semi-structured interview in which caregivers will identify 3-5 functional goals related to swim performance and water safety. Caregivers will rate how well their child performed each goal (COPM - Performance), and how satisfied they are with their child's performance (COPM - Satisfaction). The same caregiver will be interviewed at pre- and post-test assessments for the AquOTic program. A change of 2 or more points in each scale of the COPM is considered a minimum clinically important difference (MCID). The adapted COPM has high internal consistency (.86 - .88) with content and construct validity. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
Primary ContactJewel Crasta, PhD
Backup ContactErika Kemp, OTD
Outcome results
None listed