Cesarean Section Complications
Conditions
Brief summary
The study titled Factors Influencing Bradycardia During Spinal Anaesthesia in Obstetric Patients Undergoing Caesarean Section aims to investigate the causes and patterns of bradycardia in pregnant women receiving spinal anesthesia during cesarean deliveries. Bradycardia, defined as a heart rate below 60 beats per minute, is a known complication of spinal anesthesia, often resulting from sympathetic blockade and unopposed parasympathetic activity. This condition may lead to hypotension, decreased cardiac output, and compromised fetal oxygenation.
Detailed description
The research seeks to enhance the understanding of both patient-specific and procedural risk factors, contributing to improved clinical management, safer anesthesia practices, and better maternal-fetal outcomes. Ethical approval and informed consent protocols are included to ensure participant safety and data confidentiality.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Superior University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
RETROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Obstetric patients aged 18-40 years. * Undergoing elective or emergency cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia. * Classified as ASA Physical Status I or II (relatively healthy or with mild systemic disease). * Provided informed consent (either by the patient or legal guardian).
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with pre-existing cardiac conditions (e.g., arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities). * Patients taking medications that affect heart rate, such as beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers. * Patients with contraindications to spinal anesthesia (e.g., coagulopathy, infection at the injection site). * Those undergoing combined spinal-epidural or general anesthesia. * Patients with incomplete medical records or unable to provide informed consent.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| structured questionnaire | 12 Months | 1. Section A: Demographic and Baseline Information Age, weight, height, gestational age, parity, medical history, medications. 2. Section B: Anesthetic and Surgical Details Indication for cesarean (elective/emergency), baseline heart rate and BP, type/dose of anesthetic, sensory block level, fluid administration, blood loss. 3. Section C: Intraoperative Hemodynamic Events Occurrence of bradycardia (HR \< 60 bpm), lowest HR, time to bradycardia, associated hypotension, interventions used, maternal symptoms. 4. Section D: Neonatal Outcomes Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes, NICU admission and reasons. Scoring: There is no numerical scoring system described. Instead: Responses are mostly categorical or numerical entries (e.g., Yes/No, HR value, BP value, Apgar score). |
Countries
Pakistan
Outcome results
None listed