Cerebral Palsy, Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD)
Conditions
Keywords
cerebral palsy, temporomandibular joint, GMFCS
Brief summary
This study aims to examine the function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-the jaw joint-in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Children with CP often experience difficulties in jaw movement, pain, or involuntary grinding of teeth (bruxism), which can affect their ability to eat, speak, or smile comfortably. The research will investigate how the severity of motor impairment, as classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and different CP subtypes are related to jaw function problems. The study also explores the relationship between bruxism and TMJ pain and dysfunction. By performing clinical evaluations of mouth opening, jaw movements, muscle tenderness, and pain levels, this study hopes to identify early signs of TMJ problems. The goal is to provide better recommendations for early screening, therapy, and rehabilitation for children with CP, especially those with more severe motor impairments.
Interventions
OTHERRDC/TMD
TMJ functions were assessed using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD).
Sponsors
Kayseri University
Istanbul Arel University
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
6 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosed with cerebral palsy (CP) by a pediatric neurologist, based on standard clinical criteria. * Aged between 6 and 18 years. * Classified as GMFCS Levels I to IV. * Able to comply with clinical assessment procedures. * Written informed consent obtained from parent(s) or legal guardian(s).
Exclusion criteria
* GMFCS Level V (due to inability to cooperate with TMJ examination). * History of craniofacial trauma, surgery, or congenital maxillofacial anomalies. * Presence of neuromuscular diseases other than cerebral palsy. * Active temporomandibular joint infection or acute systemic illness at the time of evaluation. * Ongoing use of muscle relaxants or botulinum toxin injections in the jaw region within the past 6 months. * Inability to complete the TMJ clinical examination due to behavioral or cognitive limitations.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Functional Status | Single assessment at baseline | Evaluation of TMJ functions using maximum mouth opening (mm), lateral jaw movement (mm), presence of joint sounds (click/crepitus), palpation tenderness, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Bruxism Prevalence | Single assessment at baseline | Presence of bruxism identified through parental reports and clinical signs such as tooth wear and nocturnal grinding. |
| Gross Motor Function Level (GMFCS) | Single assessment at baseline | Classification of motor function using GMFCS Levels I to IV to explore associations with TMJ dysfunction. |
| CP Subtype Distribution | Single assessment at baseline | Classification of CP subtype as spastic, dyskinetic/ataxic, or mixed type to examine subgroup differences in TMJ outcomes. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed