Healthy, Stroke
Conditions
Keywords
Virtual Reality, Mirror Therapy
Brief summary
Mirror therapy has been shown to support motor recovery by stimulating neural mechanisms through visual feedback. Recent technological advancements, particularly in virtual reality (VR), have enabled the development of more immersive and interactive rehabilitation tools. This study focuses on evaluating the usability of a novel, Leap Motion-based Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy (VRMT) system designed to enhance upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients by combining traditional mirror therapy principles with engaging, gamified digital environments.
Detailed description
The VRMT system was developed to provide a low-cost, sensor-based rehabilitation tool that enables stroke survivors to engage in interactive upper limb exercises. Utilizing the Leap Motion sensor for real-time hand tracking, the system projects mirrored movements of the unaffected limb onto a virtual representation of the affected limb, reinforcing motor learning and neuroplasticity. The system includes multiple gamified tasks that simulate functional hand and arm movements within a virtual environment. Participants with subacute or chronic stroke used the system across several sessions, after which usability and user experience were assessed using standardized tools such as the System Usability Scale (SUS) and User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ). This approach allows for detailed feedback on comfort, satisfaction, interaction quality, and perceived effectiveness, contributing to future development and clinical integration of VR-based rehabilitation technologies.The aim of this study is to evaluate the usability, acceptability, and user experience of a Leap Motion-based Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy (VRMT) system designed to support upper limb rehabilitation in individuals with stroke. By integrating traditional mirror therapy principles with immersive virtual environments, the study seeks to determine the feasibility of using this system in clinical and home-based rehabilitation settings.
Interventions
Participants will be seated on a chair with back support, their feet in contact with the ground, and both arms placed on a table. Data from participants' right forearms will be collected using Leap Motion tracking. In the virtual reality environment, both the original and mirrored forearms will be displayed within the participants' field of view. The mirror therapy session will consist of two 15-minute segments with a 10-minute rest period in between. Activities to be practiced during the session will include wrist flexion and extension, forearm pronation and supination, finger flexion and extension, finger opposition movements, squeezing a cloth, grasping a round object, wiping a table, and object manipulation. The therapy program will follow a progression from simple to complex and functional movements throughout the session. Session will begin with basic exercises such as flexion and extension movements of the fingers, wrist, and elbow, with 10 repetitions for each movement.
Participants will be seated on a chair with back support, their feet in contact with the ground, and both arms placed on a table. Activities to be practiced during the session will include wrist flexion and extension, forearm pronation and supination, finger flexion and extension, finger opposition movements, squeezing a cloth, grasping a round object, wiping a table, and object manipulation. The therapy program will follow a progression from simple to complex and functional movements throughout the session. Session will begin with basic exercises such as flexion and extension movements of the fingers, wrist, and elbow, with 10 repetitions for each movement.
OTHERSham Virtual Reality
Participants will experience virtual environments while seated and wearing a virtual reality headset, without interacting with the environment. The sham mirror therapy session will consist of two 15-minute segments with a 10-minute rest period in between.
Sponsors
Abant Izzet Baysal University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Prospective parallel group with single-blinded design
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Stereo acuity score of 3552 arc/sec in the Titmus Fly Test * No prior virtual reality experience
Exclusion criteria
* Severe sensory impairments (vision or hearing) * Being diagnosed with neurological disorders
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Simulator Sickness Questionnaire | One hour | "The SSQ evaluates 16 symptoms-including eye strain, nausea, sweating, and headache-using a four-point scale (none, mild, moderate, and severe). These symptoms are categorized into three overlapping subscales: nausea, oculomotor discomfort, and disorientation. Higher scores within each subscale reflect more intense experiences of simulator sickness. In military aviation contexts, a total SSQ score above 20 is typically interpreted as indicative of poor tolerance to simulation exposure. The total score generally ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating lower tolerance to simulated environments. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Presence Questionnaire | One hour | The PQ comprises four subscales: Involvement, Sensory Fidelity, Adaptation/Immersion, and Interface Quality. Participants respond to each item using a 5-phe total score generally ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating lower tolerance to simulated environments.oint Likert scale, reflecting their perceived experience in the virtual environment. The total score generally ranges from 24 to 168, with higher scores indicating better presence feeling in simulated environments. |
| Virtual Reality Sickness Questionnaire | One hour | The PQ comprises four subscales: Involvement, Sensory Fidelity, Adaptation/Immersion, and Interface Quality. Participants respond to each item using a 5-phe total score generally ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating lower tolerance to simulated environments.oint Likert scale, reflecting their perceived experience in the virtual environment. The total score generally ranges from 0 to 27, with higher scores indicates higher motion sickness feeling in simulated environments. |
| System Usability Scale | One hour | The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a 10-item instrument developed to rapidly assess the usability of various technological systems, including websites, software, hardware, and mobile devices. It employs a 5-point Likert scale and focuses primarily on user-perceived usability.A score of 68 is considered the average benchmark, with scores above this value indicating above-average usability, and scores below 68 reflecting below-average usability. Systems receiving the highest usability ratings fall into the A+ category, corresponding to the 96th to 100th percentile range.The total score generally ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicates better usability.. |
| Virtual Reality System Usability Questionnaire | One hour | The Virtual Reality System Usability Questionnaire (VRSUQ), which has been previously applied in VR usability research, will be employed to assess system functionality and ease of interaction. The questionnaire includes items covering system control, interface design, and overall satisfaction. Responses are provided on a 5 point Likert-type scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Higher scores reflect greater perceived usability and a more favorable user experience with the virtual environment .The total score generally ranges from 9 to 45 |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Contacts
CONTACTÖmer Pala, PhD
CONTACTramazan kurul, PhD
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORramazan kurul, Ph.D
Abant Izzet Baysal University
Outcome results
None listed