Chronic Smoking, Dry Eye Disease, Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
Conditions
Brief summary
This study aimed to examine the impact of long-term smoking on dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in individuals who are chronic smokers.
Detailed description
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifaceted disorder of the ocular surface characterized by instability of the tear film, which subsequently leads to symptoms such as ocular discomfort, visual disturbances, and potential damage to the surface of the eye. Cigarette smoking has been recognized as a possible contributing factor to the development of DED, with various reports suggesting that it may alter tear film composition and stability, leading to ocular surface damage. Chronic smoking can lead to oxidative stress, vascular dysfunction, and inflammation, which may contribute to retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and optic nerve damage.
Interventions
OTHERDry eye assessment
Dry eye assessment was performed using the Mediworks Dry Eye Diagnostic System.
Sponsors
Cairo University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
OTHER
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
30 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age from 30 to 60 years. * Both sexes. * Chronic smokers.
Exclusion criteria
* History of ocular surface diseases affecting tear production or secretion (such as Sjogren's syndrome or Stevens-Johnson disease). * Conjunctivitis. * Blepharitis. * Chronic contact lens use or gross lid abnormalities. * Preexisting glaucoma. * Retinal diseases. * Optic nerve pathology. * Ocular trauma. * Chemical burns. * Recent eye surgery (within three months). * Trachoma-related complications
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Non-invasive tear film breakup time | During examination (Baseline) | Non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) was automatically analyzed using artificial intelligence, with results classified as Grade 0 (normal, first rupture time \>10s), Grade 1 (warning, 6- 9s), or Grade 2 (dry eye, ≤5s) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Lipid layer thickness | During examination (Baseline) | Lipid layer thickness was graded from 1 (\<30nm) to 4 (\>80nm). |
| Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score | During examination (Baseline) | The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score was categorized as normal (≤12), mild (13-22), moderate (23-32), or severe (≥33). |
| Tear meniscus height | During examination (Baseline) | Tear meniscus height (TMH) values above 0.2mm were considered healthy, while lipid layer thickness was graded from 1 (\<30nm) to 4 (\>80nm). |
| Correlations between dry eye parameters and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score | During examination (Baseline) | Correlations between dry eye parameters and Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score was assessed. |
| Correlations between dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in both groups | During examination (Baseline) | Correlations between dry eye parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in both groups was assessed. |
| Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness | During examination (Baseline) | Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured using Fourier-domain OCT Optovue RTVue (Optovue Inc., Fremont, CA, USA). |
Countries
Egypt
Outcome results
None listed