Periodontal Diseases
Conditions
Keywords
periodontitis, gingivitis, saliva, HIF-2a, TRAP-5b, MMP-9, ELISA
Brief summary
The aim of this study is to compare the salivary levels of HIF-2 alpha, MMP-9, and TRAP-5b among healthy individuals, patients with gingivitis, and patients with periodontitis; to examine the relationship between these levels and clinical parameters; and to determine their effectiveness in distinguishing periodontal disease from a healthy condition. It will be evaluated whether these biochemical mediators can be used as diagnostic biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. Periodontal health is defined as the absence of signs of inflammation. Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums and, if left untreated, can progress to periodontitis, a more severe condition characterized by the destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. In this destruction, the host immune response to bacterial products and various inflammatory mediators (cytokines, MMPs) play a role. MMP-9 plays a significant role in the progression of inflammation and tissue damage. HIF-2 alpha is a factor that regulates bone formation and resorption and is activated in hypoxic or inflammatory environments. TRAP-5b is a specific marker of osteoclast activity and bone resorption. In the literature, there is no study that evaluates these three biomarkers together in saliva samples in the context of periodontal disease. This study aims to investigate the changes in these salivary biomarkers in the presence of periodontal disease, their diagnostic potential, and their relationship with clinical parameters. The findings may also provide insights for future treatments targeting these cytokine pathways.
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTsaliva obtaining
The patient was asked to sit upright and tilt his/her head forward to collect saliva samples. İn this way, unstimulated saliva was allowed to accumulate in the floor of the mouth. The accumulated salivav was collected in a sterile container. It was then transferred to a propylene tube. The tubes were centrifuged and the clear part at the top of the tube was taken with a sterile syringe and transferred to a different propylene tube with 0.5 ml in each tube. Tubes were stored at -80ºC until the day of analysis.
Sponsors
Izmir Katip Celebi University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Systemically healthy (The identification of healthy volunteers will be based on patients' self-reported medical history; no additional diagnostic tests will be conducted.) * Having at least twenty permanent teeth in the mouth * Non-smoker * Not on any continuous medication * No use of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or systemic corticosteroids in the last 6 months * Not pregnant or lactating * No periodontal treatment within the last 6 months * Willing to participate in the study and having signed the "Informed Consent Form" * Between 18 and 65 years of age
Exclusion criteria
* Having any oral or systemic disease * Being on regular systemic medication * Being pregnant or in the lactation period * Having received periodontal treatment within the last 6 months * Having used antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or systemic corticosteroids in the last 6 months * Smoking * Being under 18 years of age
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Salivary HIF-2α levels | 24 hours after taking the clinical measurements at the first visit | the total amount of HIF-2α in saliva |
| Salivary TRAP-5b levels | 24 hours after taking the clinical measurements at the first visit | the total amount of TRAP-5b in saliva |
| Salivary MMP-9 levels | 24 hours after taking the clinical measurements at the first visit | the total amount of MMP-9 in saliva |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| probing depth | During the first 1 day visit | With the help of a periodontal probe, the distance between the gingival margin and the sulcus/pocket base will be measured from six points of the tooth: mesiobuccal, midbuccal, distobuccal, mesiopalatinal/lingual, mid buccal/palatinal and distobuccal/palatinal. During the measurement, care will be taken to ensure that the probe is parallel to the long axis of the tooth and that excessive force is not applied. The values will be summed and divided by 6 to calculate the average PD for each patient. |
| clinical attachment level | During the first 1 day visit | With the help of a periodontal probe, the distance between the enamel-cement border and the sulcus/pocket base will be measured at six points of the tooth: mesiobuccal, midbuccal, distobuccal, mesiopalatinal/lingual, mid buccal/palatinal and distobuccal/palatinal. The values will be summed and divided by 6 to calculate the average amount of clinical attachment level for each patient. |
| plaque index | During the first 1 day visit | For Silness\&Löe plaque index measurement, values will be obtained from four surfaces of each tooth: mesial, distal, vestibular and palatinal. The values will be summed and divided by four to determine the PI score for each tooth. Scoring will be done as follows; 0: No bacterial plaque on the gingival area of the tooth surface. 1: No bacterial plaque is visible on the surface of the tooth by eye, but after probing, bacterial plaque is observed at the tip of the probe. 2: The gingival area is covered with a thin to moderate amount of bacterial plaque, which is visible by eye. 3: There is a large amount of soft debris, the thickness of which completely fills the gingival groove and the interdental space is filled with soft debris. |
| gingival index | During the first 1 day visit | According to Löe\&Silness gingival index; vestibule, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces of all teeth will be examined. The values will be summed and divided by four to determine the GI score for each tooth. 0: Healthy gingiva. 1: Mild inflammation, mild discoloration and edema but no bleeding after probing. 2: Moderate inflammation, edema, redness and brightness, bleeding on probing. 3: Severe inflammation and redness, edema, ulceration and tendency to spontaneous bleeding. |
| bleeding on probing | During the first 1 day visit | The following index criteria will be used to determine the degree of inflammation in the soft tissue surrounding the vestibular, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces of all teeth. The number of positive (+) scoring areas on the examined surfaces will be calculated as a percentage of the total number of examined areas. (-): No bleeding when the periodontal probe is passed along the gingival sulcus. (+): Bleeding is present at the gingival margin. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed