Breathing, Mouth, Genetic Predisposition to Disease
Conditions
Keywords
Gene, Blood pressure, Breathing
Brief summary
This study consists of two sub-studies. Study 1 investigates gene expression related to the development of hypertension in Thailand, and Study 2 examines the effectiveness of the 4-7-8 breathing technique in reducing blood pressure in individuals with hypertension.
Detailed description
In Study 1, the sample group includes 200 individuals aged 18-59 years, originating from various regions of Thailand but currently residing in the eastern region. Participants may have normal blood pressure, high blood pressure, or have been diagnosed with hypertension. Blood samples from the participants will be analyzed for the following variables: 1) expression of five genes-adrenomedullin (ADM), angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4), proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 (USP8), and 2) markers of inflammation-tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma levels in the blood. In Study 2, the sample group includes 75 volunteers from Study 1 who are interested in participating. These volunteers will be randomly assigned into three groups of 25 people each. The first group is a control group whose participants will not receive any breathing training. The second group will practice the 4-7-8 breathing technique, which involves inhaling for 4 seconds, holding the breath for 7 seconds, and exhaling for 8 seconds-this constitutes one cycle. They will repeat this for 6 cycles per set, three sets per day, with normal breathing between sets. The third group will practice deep diaphragmatic breathing at a rate of 6-10 breaths per minute for 15 minutes, twice a day. Participants in both the second and third groups are required to follow their assigned breathing programs daily for three consecutive months. At the end of the three months, all participants will be assessed on the same variables measured before the intervention: 1) systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, 2) blood pressure variability, and 3) inflammation markers, specifically tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma levels in the blood.
Interventions
OTHERStudy 2: deep breathing
Participants in the deep breathing group will be randomized to receive a diaphragmatic deep breathing program. They will be instructed to practice deep breathing at a rate of 6-10 breaths per minute for 15 minutes, twice daily, every day for a duration of 3 months.
OTHERStudy 2: 4-7-8 breathing
Participants in the 4-7-8 breathing group will be randomized to receive a 4-7-8 breathing program. They will follow the 4-7-8 breathing training program, which involves inhaling for 4 seconds, holding the breath for 7 seconds, and exhaling for 8 seconds, counted as one cycle. This pattern is to be repeated for 6 cycles to complete one set. They will perform 12 sets per day-6 sets in the morning and 6 sets in the evening-with normal breathing between each set. This routine will be carried out daily for a duration of 3 months.
OTHERStudy 2: slow breathing with device
Participants in the slow breathing with device group will be randomized to receive a slow breathing with device. They will undergo deep breathing training using a resistance-based breathing device called BreathMax, set at 25% of their maximal inspiratory pressure. The breathing rate will be 6 breaths per minute, continuously for 15 minutes, twice a day. This routine will be performed daily for a duration of 3 months.
Sponsors
Burapha University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Other than investigators, data collectors, and outcome adjudicators, different researchers were assigned as outcomes assessors and data analysts.
Intervention model description
Study 1 is a cross-sectional study model and study 2 is an experimental study model.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 59 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Study 1: 1. Group of individuals with hypertension Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female * Aged between 18-59 years * Of Thai ethnicity * Diagnosed with hypertension, defined as having an SBP of 140 mmHg or higher, or a DBP of 90 mmHg or higher, or having previously been diagnosed with hypertension and currently taking antihypertensive medication * Originally from various regions of Thailand and currently residing in the eastern region
Exclusion criteria
* Has heart disease, such as valvular stenosis or regurgitation, coronary artery disease, or heart failure * Has obesity, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher * Has a fever or is currently experiencing an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, the flu, or other infections 2. Group of individuals with normal blood pressure Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female * Aged between 18-59 years * Of Thai ethnicity * Does not have hypertension, defined as having an SBP below 130 mmHg and a DBP below 85 mmHg, with no prior diagnosis of hypertension and no history of taking antihypertensive medication * Originally from various regions of Thailand and currently residing in the eastern region
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Study 1: expression of adrenomedullin (ADM) | Day 1 | Expression of gene adrenomedullin (ADM) in fold unit |
| Study 1: expression of angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) | Day 1 | Expression of gene angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) in fold unit |
| Study 1: expression of proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS) | Day 1 | Expression of gene proto-oncogene c-Fos (FOS) in fold unit |
| Study 1: expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) | Day 1 | Expression of gene prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) in fold unit |
| Study 1: expression of ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 (USP8) | Day 1 | Expression of gene ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 (USP8) in fold unit |
| Study 1: tumor necrosis factor-alpha | Day 1 | Marker of inflammation tumor necrosis factor-alpha in picogram/milliliter unit |
| Study 1: interferon-gamma | Day 1 | Marker of inflammation interferon-gamma in picogram/milliliter unit |
| Study 2: systolic blood pressure | Day 1 and Day 85 | Systolic blood pressure in millimeter of mercury unit |
| Study 2: diastolic blood pressure | Day 1 and Day 85 | Diastolic blood pressure in millimeter of mercury unit |
| Study 2: systolic blood pressure coefficient of variation | Day 1 and Day 85 | Systolic blood pressure coefficient of variation in percentage unit |
| Study 2: diastolic blood pressure coefficient of variation | Day 1 and Day 85 | Diastolic blood pressure coefficient of variation in percentage unit |
| Study 2: tumor necrosis factor-alpha | Day 1 and Day 85 | Marker of inflammation tumor necrosis factor-alpha in picogram/milliliter unit |
| Study 2: interferon-gamma | Day 1 and Day 85 | Marker of inflammation interferon-gamma in picogram/milliliter unit |
Countries
Thailand
Contacts
CONTACTPiyapong Prasertsri, Ph.D.
CONTACTTadsawiya Padkao, Ph.D.
Outcome results
None listed