Medical Treatment Alone Versus Varicocelectomy Versus Varicocelectomy and Medical Treatment

Teratozoospermia

A varicocele is defined as an abnormal venous dilatation and/or tortuosity of the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum. Although varicoceles are almost always and more common on the left side, up to 50% of the men with varicocele, have bilateral varicoceles. Varicocele has a negative impact on spermatogenesis, testicular volume, Standard semen parameters, and fertilization, implantation, and embryo outcomes.

Varicocelectomy remains the first-line treatment option in infertile men with palpable varicocele and abnormal semen parameters, with the microsurgical subinguinal approach conveying the greatest success rate and fewest complications. The empirical use of antioxidant supplement may confer some benefits in men to reduce oxidative damage. Medical management, including antioxidants, could offer a potential solution with lower risks given the increasing evidence suggesting the role of oxidative stress in varicocele-induced infertility. Physical examination of the scrotum remains the most commonly used technique to diagnose varicoceles. Palpation of the scrotum is best performed in a relaxed patient in standing position, in a warm room and carried out by a well-trained physician. Surgical treatment of varicocele has a significant effect on semen parameters, so it is considered the 'gold standard' treatment for subfertile males with palpable varicoceles associated with abnormal semen analysis.

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