MINImising Total Radiation EXposure in Preterm Infants

Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome, PreTerm Neonate

Lung ultrasound, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Prematurity

Being born too early (preterm birth) is the leading cause of death in children world-wide. In Australia, 97% of very preterm babies who are admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units need breathing support after birth to survive. Despite this significant global impact, neonatal clinicians have few tools available to guide breathing support. Currently, the only lung imaging tool that is routinely used in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit is a chest X-ray. To reduce radiation exposure, chest X-rays are usually only performed one or two times a day. As chronic lung disease in babies who survive preterm birth is increasing, there is an urgent need to develop new ways to monitor the lungs of these fragile babies. Lung ultrasound is a form of imaging that is fast, gentle and radiation free. However, it has not been routinely adopted into caring for preterm babies in most countries. This is because there are no randomised controlled trials that have demonstrated the benefit and safety of using lung ultrasound as the first-line imaging tool in preterm babies. The investigators will conduct a randomised controlled trial to demonstrate that lung ultrasound is a quick, safe and accurate alternative to chest x-rays in preterm babies.

Preterm babies are born with underdeveloped, fragile lungs and commonly develop respiratory distress syndrome. In Australia, 97% of preterm babies who are admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units need breathing support after birth. Respiratory support is vital to keep babies alive but is associated with short- and long-term lung damage. Unfortunately, many babies who survive preterm birth develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), leading to poor health outcomes in adulthood.(2) Despite years of research, chronic lung disease is increasing. Clearly, it is critical that clinicians have effective tools to guide breathing support. Currently, the only lung imaging tool that is routinely used in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit is chest X-ray (CXR). The fundamental principle of use of ionising radiation in any population is to limit radiation exposure to as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). To achieve this currently, the use of CXR is usually limited to once or twice a day. In addition CXR are performed by a specialised technician and are not always immediately available, delaying the time to diagnosis. Given the rapid and unpredictable changes in a preterm baby's lung disease, reliance on repeated CXR is fraught with risk. There is an urgent need to develop reliable tools that provides real-time and accurate feedback to guide breathing support in preterm babies. New monitoring tools should be safe and improve outcomes. Lung ultrasound is a gentle form of lung imaging that is ideally suited for preterm babies. It is radiation free, readily available and does not require excessive handling of the baby. Ultrasound is already routinely used to image the brain and hearts of preterm babies and systems are available in all Neonatal Intensive Care Units in Australia. Several observational studies have demonstrated that lung ultrasound is accurate in diagnosing common neonatal respiratory disorders including pneumothorax, respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnoea of the newborn and the need for mechanical ventilation. Not all features of lung ultrasound are interchangeable with CXR measures of lung aeration in preterm infants. Lung ultrasound has a stronger relationship with an infant's respiratory support requirements than CXR. Only one study to date has assessed the ability of lung ultrasound to guide surfactant replacement in a randomized setting. Despite the growing body of evidence that lung ultrasound may be a suitable alternative to CXR, it has not been routinely adopted into clinical practice. This is because no randomized controlled trial has assessed the benefit and safety of using lung ultrasound as the first-line imaging tool in preterm babies. Furthermore, despite no evidence of benefit, some centres have already implemented lung ultrasound into routine practice. Before lung ultrasound can be widely implemented in preterm babies, it must be demonstrated to be beneficial and safe. The investigators hypothesise that in preterm babies born \<32 weeks' gestation, lung ultrasound will significantly reduce radiation exposure and be a safe alternative to CXR. This will be addressed by conducting an open label, randomised controlled trial at Joan Kirner Women's and Children's, Sunshine Hospital, Victoria. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate whether the use of lung ultrasound as the primary lung imaging modality in preterm babies born \<32 weeks' gestation reduces radiation burden. Secondary aims include assessment of the safety and acceptability of lung ultrasound as the first line imaging tool, and additional signals of benefit including time to receive lung imaging and initiation of treatment, and duration of breathing support. To assess safety, the investigators will report the rate of key protocol defined adverse and serious adverse events in the intervention and control groups. Feasibility will be determined by protocol defined criteria for operational and clinical feasibility. Cost effectiveness will be determined by reporting the microcosts of each imaging tool and comparing the differential costs between the lung ultrasound and chest X-ray. Finally, the investigators will assess the acceptability to neonatal healthcare workers of lung ultrasound as the first-line imaging tool.

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