Vascular Function in Healthy Volunteers
Conditions
Keywords
dark chocolate, estrogen, cardiovascular function
Brief summary
This study investigates the effects of 85% dark chocolate supplementation on vascular function and nitric oxide (NO) levels during high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy women across menstrual phases. Using a randomized crossover design, 31 women consumed either dark chocolate or milk chocolate before exercising during the early follicular and mid-luteal phases. Vascular markers, including pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and plasma NO levels, were measured at multiple time points.
Detailed description
Background: Dark chocolate, rich in flavanols, may support vascular health by reducing arterial stiffness and blood pressure across menstrual phases. This study examined the effects of 85% dark chocolate on nitric oxide (NO) levels and vascular function during high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy women across the early follicular and mid-luteal phases. Methods: Thirty-one healthy women (aged 20-30 years) with regular menstrual cycles completed a randomized, crossover study (conducted at National Chung Cheng University, Sep-Dec 2023). Participants consumed either 85% dark chocolate or milk chocolate (1g/kg body weight) before high-intensity resistance exercise during the early follicular (days 2-5) and mid-luteal (days 18-24) phases of two menstrual cycles. Finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and plasma NO levels were measured at rest, 2 hours after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTdark chocolate
Participants consumed 85% dark chocolate (1g/kg body weight) before high-intensity resistance exercise during the early follicular (days 2-5) and mid-luteal (days 18-24) phases of two menstrual cycles. Finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and plasma NO levels were measured at rest, 2 hours after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTmilk chocolate
Participants consumed milk chocolate (1g/kg body weight) before high-intensity resistance exercise during the early follicular (days 2-5) and mid-luteal (days 18-24) phases of two menstrual cycles. Finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV), arterial stiffness, blood pressure, and plasma NO levels were measured at rest, 2 hours after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise.
BEHAVIORALhigh-intensity resistance exercise
Participants performed high-intensity resistance exercise during the early follicular (days 2-5) and mid-luteal (days 18-24) phases of two menstrual cycles.
Sponsors
National Cheng Kung University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Double-blind
Intervention model description
EF-MC: early follicular-milk chocolate EF-DC: early follicular-dark chocolate ML-MC: Mid Luteal-milk chocolate ML-DC: Mid Luteal-dark chocolate
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
20 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* the healthy adult women, * aged 20-30 years, from a local university campus, * had a regular menstrual cycles in the past three months.
Exclusion criteria
* (1) irregular menstrual cycles (menstrual cycle length \< 21 or \> 35 days in the past three months), * (2) pregnancy or lactation in the past year, * (3) history of cardiovascular or uterine surgery in the past six months, * (4) use of contraceptives or other female hormone medications, * (5) smoking or alcohol consumption habits, * (6) hypertension (blood pressure \> 140/90 mmHg), chronic diseases, heart disease, or other cardiovascular conditions, (7) allergy to cocoa products, nuts, or fruits.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Finger-Toe Pulse Wave Velocity (ftPWV) | Finger-toe pulse wave velocity (ftPWV) were measured at rest, 2 hours after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise. | Measurements at other time points are taken while participants are resting in the laboratory. Firstly, sensors for photoplethysmography (PPG) were placed on the right index finger and right big toe of the participants. These sensors were marked with an oily pen to ensure consistent placement throughout the experiment. The signals were then amplified using a Biopec MP150 (MP150, Biopac Systems Inc., Goleta, CA, USA), with each physiological signal collected for at least 150 seconds. The signals were analyzed using MATLAB to calculate the time difference between the two pulse waves. The length of the participant's body segments ( sternum to the right index finger, and sternum to the big toe of the right foot) was measured, and this value was divided by the average difference between 10 pulse waves (in the stable interval of 150 seconds) to calculate the ftPWV value (m/s). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Arterial Index | Arterial index (API and AVI) were measured at rest, 2 hours after chocolate consumption (baseline), immediately post-exercise (T0), and at 60 (T60) and 120 (T120) minutes post-exercise. | The arterial pressure volume index (API) and arterial velocity pulse index (AVI) are measured using the PASESA AVE-2000 (PASESA, Tokyo, Japan) with a wrapped around the right upper arm of seated participants. The API reflected the stiffness of peripheral arteries by assessing the pressure-volume relationship of the artery, while the AVI primarily reflected the stiffness of central arteries by analyzing the ratio of forward and reflected pressure waves. Each measurement was taken three times, and the average of the three readings was recorded. |
Countries
Taiwan
Outcome results
None listed