Procedural Pain Relief, Fear Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Procedural pain, venipuncture, children
Brief summary
This study aimed to examine the effect of EMLA cream, cold spray, and Buzzy applied during venipuncture on the pain and fear levels of children aged 7-12 years.
Detailed description
The International Guide to Pediatric Anesthesia (Good Practice in Postoperative and Procedural Pain) recommends pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods to effectively manage and prevent acute procedural pain in children. Nonpharmacological methods alone or in combination with pharmacological methods help reduce pain, and therefore, have become popular especially in recent years. For pain management, nonpharmacological methods are easy to use, and cost- and time-effective methods with no side effects. Studies have evaluated a large number of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for procedural pain management in children. However, most of those interventions are not used by healthcare professionals because they are expensive, time-consuming or hard to use. Therefore, easy-to-use, practical, non-invasive, cost-effective, and reusable pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods can be used especially in acute settings. EMLA cream, cold spray, and Buzzy examined in this study may serve as alternative effective pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods to reduce venipuncture pain and fear.
Interventions
DRUGEMLA Cream
EMLA cream (2.5 grams) was applied to the treatment area 60 minutes before the procedure and covered with a transparent and impermeable dressing.
DEVICEBuzzy
The buzzy device was placed on the procedure area 60 seconds before the procedure and turned on. The cold and vibration application continued during the procedure.
DRUGCold spray
Cold spray was applied to the procedure area for 5 seconds from a distance of 15 cm immediately before the procedure.
Sponsors
Aynur Aytekin Ozdemir
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Intervention model description
This study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial in parallel groups. The variables used for blocking were age (7-9 and 10-12 years), sex (female and male), and fear of the procedure (yes and no). The blocks were repeated six times in each group (2 × 2 × 2 × 6 ), resulting in 48 participants per group.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
7 Years to 12 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* being between the ages of 7 to 12 years, * literate, * requiring blood tests
Exclusion criteria
* having chronic diseases, * hospital stay for treatment, * visual, audio, or speech impairments, * a history of allergies, * mental disorders, * history of sedative, analgesic, or narcotic use within 24 h before admission, * inflammatory disease during admission.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Procedural pain score- Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | Through painful procedure completion, an average of 5 minutes | The VAS is used to measure and monitor pain intensity. VAS is a 10 cm or 100 mm long horizontal or vertical line with anchor statements no pain or pain at its least at the left-most end and unbearable pain or worst pain imaginable at the right-most end. The participant is asked to mark a point on the line that best represents their pain level. The VAS score is determined by measuring the distance of the mark from the left end of the line. VAS is an easy-to-understand and easy-to-measure scale for children aged 7 and over |
| Procedural pain score- Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale | Through painful procedure completion, an average of 5 minutes | The scale is used to diagnose pain in children aged 3-18 years. It consists of six facial expressions, each one representing an increasing degree of pain scored on a scale 0 to 5 from left to right. The first face is a happy face representing no pain=0 while the last face is a crying face representing the worst pain imaginable=5. Higher scores indicate low pain tolerance. Participants are asked to choose the facial expression that best represents their pain. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Procedural fear score- Children's Fear Scale (CFS) | Through painful procedure completion, an average of 5 minutes | The CFS was developed to measure fear and anxiety in children. It consists of five facial expressions that represent a range from neutral to extreme fear. It is scored between 0 and 4. Both researchers and family members can use the CFS to measure fear and anxiety in children before and during procedures. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed