Assessment of Efficacy and Safety of PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody Combined With IL-2 and CapeOX in Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Prior to Surgery: A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized Controlled Study

Rectal Cancer

Tislelizumab, Interleukin-2, MSS/pMMR rectal cancer

The objective is to evaluate whether the neoadjuvant combination of tislelizumab (a PD-1 inhibitor) with interleukin-2 (IL-2) chemotherapy can significantly increase the Objective Response Rate (ORR) and the Pathological Complete Response rate (pCR) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who have Microsatellite Stable/Proficient Mismatch Repair (MSS/pMMR) status.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as a prominent global health concern, ranking among the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. Its incidence exhibits striking geographical variations, with higher rates observed in developed countries. Age is a significant risk factor, predominantly affecting individuals aged 50 and above, although a concerning trend of increasing incidence in younger adults has been noted in recent years. There exists a gender disparity, with slightly higher prevalence in males. Notably, lifestyle factors, including dietary choices, sedentary habits, smoking, and obesity, play crucial roles in its etiology. These epidemiological patterns underscore the urgency for implementing effective prevention strategies and advancing early detection methods to mitigate the disease's impact. In recent years, substantial advancements have reshaped the landscape of CRC treatment, offering new hope and improved outcomes for affected individuals. Surgical intervention remains the cornerstone of curative therapy, guided by tumor stage, location, and patient's overall health status. Adjuvant therapies, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have been pivotal in reducing recurrence rates and enhancing overall survival. Targeted treatments, such as anti-EGFR and anti-VEGF drugs, have ushered in an era of precision medicine, selectively targeting critical molecular pathways. Meanwhile, immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has emerged as a promising frontier, offering personalized treatment options for CRC patients. In CRC, the PD-1 inhibition pathway plays a central role in regulating immune cell exhaustion; however, the response to PD-1 monotherapy is limited in a majority of colorectal cancer patients, suggesting that combining PD-1 blockade with other immunostimulatory agents holds promise. Currently, several combination therapies have shown progress in animal models and are being explored in clinical studies. Among these, interleukin-2 (IL-2) emerges as a candidate drug, synergizing with PD-1 blockade to potentiate antitumor effects. This study aims to investigate the combination of IL-2 with PD-1 inhibitors, seeking to overcome the limitations of single-agent immunotherapy through multifaceted immunomodulation. By modulating the immune microenvironment to enhance immune cell infiltration and break down the physical and immunosuppressive barriers of the tumor, this approach seeks to augment the efficacy of immunotherapy, particularly for immunologically cold CRC patients.

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