Diaphragm, Inspiratory Muscle Training, Sternocleidomastoid Muscles, Stroke, Trunk Muscle Activity
Conditions
Brief summary
This study aims to investigate the differences in muscle recruitment of the diaphragm (assessed using ultrasound), the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trunk muscles (both measured via surface electromyography (sEMG)), during loaded breathing training performed on both stable and unstable surfaces. The goal is to understand the interaction between the inspiratory and trunk muscles during Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) across these two surface conditions.
Interventions
OTHERLoaded breathing on stable and unstable surfaces
Participants will be instructed to perform 10 loaded breaths via a threshold inspiratory load device on both a stable surface (sitting on a chair, Protocol 1) and an unstable surface (sitting on a soft pad, Protocol 2) in random order. The inspiratory load/resistance will be set at 50% of the maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP).
Sponsors
Hong Kong Metropolitan University
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to 80 Years
Inclusion criteria
* Age ≥ 40 years and \< 80 years * Breathing spontaneously * Clinically diagnosed with ischemic and/or hemorrhagic stroke * Stroke duration from onset between 1 and 12 months * No thoracic or abdominal surgery in the past 6 months * No cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score ≥ 26) * Able to understand and follow verbal instructions * No facial palsy or only mild facial palsy without limitation of labial occlusion * Able to complete all loaded breathing tests on both stable and unstable surfaces included in this study
Exclusion criteria
* Acute myocardial infarction or acute heart failure * Acute pain in any part of the body * History of chronic respiratory illness or positive clinical signs of impaired respiratory function (such as shortness of breath, hypoxemia, chronic cough, and sputum retention) * Presence of a nasal feeding tube, tracheal tube, or any condition that prevents the measurement or implementation of the study procedures
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Diaphragmatic thickening fraction | Day 1 | Diaphragmatic thickening fraction is determined by (thickness of the diaphragm at end inspiratory - thickness at end expiratory)/thickness at end expiratory. Diaphragmatic thickness will be measured by ultrasonography. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle activation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle | Day 1 | Surface electromyography (sEMG) will be used to measure accessory inspiratory muscle (sternocleidomastoid muscles) activity during all breathing protocol tests. |
| Muscle activation of the trunk muscles | Day 1 | Surface electromyography (sEMG) will be used to measure the muscle activity of rectus abdominis (RA), external oblique (EO), internal oblique/transversus abdominis (IO/TrA), and erector spinae (ES)- using sEMG during all breathing protocol tests. |
| Perceived Exertion Borg scale | Day 1 | This is a vertical scale quantified from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no symptoms, and 10 represents the maximum symptoms. The Borg score provides an individual measurement of the exercise intensity. |
Outcome results
None listed