Recovery, Psychological, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Conditions
Keywords
transcraneal magnetic stimulation, delay onset muscle soreness, psychological profile
Brief summary
This randomized controlled trial explores the impact of a combined transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation over the potential correlation between psychological well-being and recovery outcomes of young athletes experiencing Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness.
Detailed description
This randomized controlled trial explores the impact of a combined transcranial and peripheral electromagnetic stimulation (TMS and PES) over the potential correlation between psychological well-being and recovery outcomes of young athletes experiencing Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. Grounded in the emerging theory of DOMS as an axonopathy affecting muscle spindles, this study examines whether paired-associative stimulation can show link over physical and psychological recovery processes. Forty-eight male athletes, aged 18 to 35 years, regularly engaged in exercise, will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: Control (placebo), PES, TMS, and Combined Stimulation (TMS + PES). All participants will perform a muscle-damaging exercise protocol to induce DOMS, followed by the assigned electromagnetic intervention. Assessments will include dynamometry, Counter Movement Jump (CMJ), Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT), sprint performance, and various psychological measures, such as the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and the Spanish versions of the Big Five Personality Traits, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. These assessments will be conducted at baseline and at multiple intervals post-exercise (1 hour, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours).
Interventions
After performing a high-intensity eccentric exercise session, participants will undergo a daily session of transcranial and/or peripheral magnetic stimulation for three days. The objective is to enhance nerve conduction, which, according to the latest theories on DOMS, may be the cause of decreased athletic performance
Sponsors
Universidad Europea de Madrid
Sierra Varona SL
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
the outcome assessor will not know in which group is each participant, and the investigator will receive the data without knowing which data is from which group. Transcraneal magnetic stimulation in the placebo group was appliedonly with the sound reproduced by a speaker,remembering that the application of TMS is subthreshold, so the patient does not know if we are appying it or not, but all of them will here the same sound of the device.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
1. be male, 2. aged between 18 and 35 years 3. engage in regular exercise at least three times per week for a minimum of one year 4. have no hypersensitivity to the areas designated for peripheral stimulation 5. be free from chronic conditions incompatible with exercise performance 6. have no recent musculoskeletal injuries to the lower limbs within the past six months, 7. be non-smokers 8. possess the cognitive capacity to understand the study's objectives and procedures.
Exclusion criteria
\-
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Big Five Personality Trait Short Questionnaire (Spanish version) | Participants will complete questionnaires at 2 time points: just before treatment and after de last treatment (3 days after the first time frame). | This tool is used to evaluate five core personality dimensions: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness (Airagnes et al., 2021). The abbreviated version contains 10 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, where 1 indicates completely disagree and 5 represents completely agree. An example item from this questionnaire is, I see myself as a person who gets nervous easily. This measure provided insight into the stable personality characteristics of the athletes and their potential impact on recovery and pain perception.Each item is rated on a Likert scale, typically ranging from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). Scores for each trait are summed up separately, with higher scores indicating stronger presence of that personality trait. |
| State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI, Spanish version) | Participants will complete questionnaires at 2 time points: just before treatment and after de last treatment (3 days after the first time frame) | To assess anxiety levels, the STAI will be used. Participants rated their responses on a 4-point Likert scale, where 1 means not at all and 4 means very much, reflecting their state and trait anxiety. This measure allowed for an analysis of how anxiety levels might correlate with recovery outcomes and subjective pain experiences. It consists of 40 items, divided into two subscales: STAI-S (State Anxiety, 20 items): Assesses temporary feelings of anxiety in a specific moment. STAI-T (Trait Anxiety, 20 items): Measures a person's general tendency to experience anxiety over time. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale: STAI-S: 1 (Not at all) to 4 (Very much so) STAI-T: 1 (Almost never) to 4 (Almost always) Scores range from 20 to 80 for each subscale, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety levels. The STAI is widely used in both clinical and research settings to assess anxiety in different populations. |
| Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II, Spanish version) | Participants will complete questionnaires at 2 time points: just before treatment and after de last treatment (3 days after the first time frame) | The AAQ-II measures psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance, which are critical in understanding how individuals cope with discomfort and stress (Carreira-Míguez et al., 2022). The 7-item questionnaire uses a 7-point Likert scale (0 = never true to 7 = always true), with higher scores indicating greater levels of psychological distress.The total score ranges from 7 to 49, with higher scores indicating greater experiential avoidance and psychological inflexibility, while lower scores reflect higher psychological flexibility. This scale is commonly used in clinical and research settings to evaluate mental health and intervention outcomes. |
| UCLA Loneliness Scale (Spanish version): | Participants will complete questionnaires at 2 time points: just before treatment and after de last treatment (3 days after the first time frame) | The Spanish version of the Three-Item Loneliness Scale will be administered to assess perceived social isolation. Participants rated each of the three items on a 3-point scale, with 1 meaning never and 3 meaning frequently. This scale helped to explore the role of social support and perceived isolation in recovery from physical exertion.The scale consists of 20 items, each rated on a 4-point Likert scale: 1. (Never) 2. (Rarely) 3. (Sometimes) 4. (Often) The total score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater levels of loneliness. There is no strict cutoff, but higher scores generally reflect more significant perceived loneliness. |
| Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Spanish version): | Participants will complete questionnaires at 2 time points: just before treatment and after de last treatment (3 days after the first time frame) | This self-applied scale contains 20 items designed to assess the severity of depressive symptoms, with both positive and negative formulations. The Zung scale's high specificity (over 80%) makes it a reliable tool for evaluating depression levels in the study's population (Carreira-Míguez et al., 2022). These baseline psychological assessments enabled the researchers to correlate psychological variables with recovery markers throughout the study.t consists of 20 questions, each evaluating various aspects of depression, including mood, physical symptoms, and psychomotor activity. Scoring Each question is rated on a 4-point Likert scale: 1. (A little of the time) 2. (Some of the time) 3. (Good part of the time) 4. (Most of the time) The total score ranges from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating more severe depression: 20-44: Normal range 45-59: Mild depression 60-69: Moderate to marked depression 70-80: Severe depression |
Countries
Spain
Outcome results
None listed