Nutrition, Healthy Male and Female Subjects
Conditions
Keywords
food texture, appetite control, whole room indirect calorimetry (WRIC), energy balance, gastric emptying, ad libitum energy intake, liquid meals
Brief summary
The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of liquid versus semi-solid meals on the regulation of energy balance in healthy young adults.The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does a protein-rich liquid meal result in less satiety and therefore higher ad libitum energy intake at the next meal than an isocaloric oatmeal with the same macronutrient ratio? * Is the consumption of a protein-rich liquid meal as a beverage in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal less compensated within the meal and at the next meal and provides thus a higher ad libitum energy intake than an isovolumetric noncaloric soft drink in addition to an ad libitum oatmeal? Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal to an isocaloric oatmeal with matched macronutrient composition to answer the first question. Researchers will compare a protein-rich liquid meal + oatmeal to a noncaloric softdrink (water with sucralose and flavoring) + oatmeal to answer the second question. Participants will: * spend 4 intervention days in a metabolic chamber (whole room indirect calorimeter) * consume pre-definied preloads for breakfast and ad libitum lunch meals on 4 intervention days
Interventions
OTHERliquid meal
An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available liquid meal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
OTHERsemi-solid meal
An isocaloric amount (500 kcal) of a commercially available semi-solid oatmeal with a matched macronutrient composition is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
OTHERcaloric drink + semi-solid meal
A predefined amount of a caloric drink (= liquid meal) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
OTHERnon-caloric drink + semi-solid meal
A predefined amount of a non-caloric drink (= water, sucralose, flavor) together with an ad libitum amount of a semi-solid meal is consumed. After 5 hours, lunch is eaten ad libitum.
Sponsors
University of Kiel
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
Blinding of participants to the actual primary outcome parameters to avoid energy intake bias
Intervention model description
The trial consists of two arms, each with two interventions. All participants will receive all interventions.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* healthy males and females * Body Mass Index between 19-35 kg/m2 * low to medium habitual physical activity * women with regular menstrual cycle (during intervention in follicular phase)
Exclusion criteria
* smoking (cigarettes + cannabis) * chronic illnesses * regular intake of medication * Anemia and/or iron deficiency * food allergies / intolerances * vegans * regular high physical activity (exercise \>1 hour/d) * current weight loss diet / weight loss of \>5 kg in the last 3 months * restraint eaters (according to the German version of the 'Three-Factor-Eating-Questionnaire', Stunkard und Messick (1985)) * active participation in another trial * pregnant / lactating women * persons incapable of giving informed legal consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| ad libitum energy intake | for 9 hours after the consumption of the preloads | measured during preload and lunch \[kcal\] following the preload in both arms |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| eating rate at lunch | at 5 hours after consumption of the preload | assessed during ad libitum lunch \[g/min\] following the preload in both arms |
| number of chews per bite at lunch | at 5 hours after consumption of the preload | assessed during ad libitum lunch \[number\] following the preload in both arms |
| serum ghrelin concentrations | for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads | area under the serum ghrelin concentration curve over 3 hours |
| gastric emptying | for 4 hours after the consumption of the isocaloric preloads | gastric half-emptying time \[min\] determined with 13C-sodium acetate breath test, only assessed during arm isocaloric preload |
| serum Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) concentrations | for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads | area under the serum GLP-1 concentration curve over 3 hours |
| energy expenditure | measured for 9.5 hours | Measured as kcal for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch. |
| macronutrient oxidation | measured for 9.5 hours | Measured as respiratory exchange ratio (RER) for 9.5 hours in a whole room indirect calorimeter (WRIC), including the consumption of the preload and the ad libitum lunch. |
| serum peptide-YY (PYY) concentrations | for 3 hours after consumption of the isocaloric preloads | area under the serum PYY concentration curve over 3 hours |
Countries
Germany
Contacts
Primary ContactAnja Bosy-Westphal, PhD, MD
Outcome results
None listed