Intramuscular Injection, Neonatal Pain, Neonates
Conditions
Keywords
non-pharmacological pain managment, Pain
Brief summary
A quantitative study, true experimental, posttest-only design has been used for the current study. one intervention (the Z-track technique) and one control group involved in the study. The primary outcome measure is the Neonatal/Infant Pain Scale to be used immediately after intramuscular injections to measure the pain level among neonates.
Interventions
OTHERZ-track technique
In this method, the neonates are in supine position, the skin is moved and held from the injection site 2 to 3 cm to the side or downward using the non- dominant hand, to ensure that blood vessel wasn't penetrated aspiration on the syringe must perceive the injection and then the medication is to be injected slowly. Researcher assistant that is unaware of the injection method performs the recording of the pain intensity and leakage diameter on the observation form.
Sponsors
University of Baghdad
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
A randomized control trial with one intervention and one control group. post-test only
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
5 Minutes to 2 Hours
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Neonates delivered through cesarean section * Apgar score of 8 or more * Weight between 2500 - 3500 grams * neonates receiving IM injections * Males / females * term neonates between 37th and 42nd week of gestation
Exclusion criteria
* Congenital anomalies * neonates who received intramuscular injection such as the Hepatitis B vaccine * Low birth weight * Preterms * Neural tube defects * neonates who are of normal vaginal delivery
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Neonatal/ Infant Pain Scale | from the process of enrollment at the post-natal ward until the IM injection is administered (usually takes less than 1 hour) | A scale developed specifically for newborn infants. Consists of 6 criterion (Face Expression, cry, Patterns of Breathing, leg and arm movements, Arousal status) Recommended for children less than 1 year old. |
Countries
Iraq
Outcome results
None listed