Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), Chronic Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Carpal tunnel syndrome, pain, Injection approach, Rehabilitation, Ultrasound-guided, Splints
Brief summary
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common and disability-causing entrapment neuropathy; however, a standardized protocol for first-line management has yet to be established. Different treatment approaches have their own positive and negative aspects. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of ultrasound-guided local steroid injection and intramuscular steroid injection in mild-to-moderate CTS. Patients will be assessed for pain levels, functional/symptom status, hand-finger strength, side effects, patient satisfaction, median nerve ultrasonographic measurements, and EMG before and after treatment .
Detailed description
Patients evaluated through a detailed clinical examination and medical history review according to inclusion and exclusion criteria will provide written informed consent and will be assigned to one of three treatment groups using block randomization. The patients' basic sociodemographic information (age, gender, body mass index, employment status, education level, marital status) and clinical data (dominant hand, duration of symptoms, comorbidities, hand to be treated, Tinel's/Phalen's sign, sleep quality, pain intensity, electrophysiological parameters.) will be recorded. The first group (local steroid) will receive an ultrasound-guided local steroid injection (1 ml of 40 mg triamcinolone + 1 ml lidocaine) along with a nighttime wrist splint. The second group (intramuscular steroid) will receive a gluteal intramuscular injection (1 ml of 40 mg triamcinolone + 1 ml lidocaine) along with a nighttime wrist splint. The third group will receive only a nighttime wrist splint. All patients in the study groups were provided with prefabricated volar wrist splints to be used at night and, whenever possible, during the day for 2-3 hours. No medication or exercise therapy will be given to the patients. All groups were evaluated based on examination findings (Tinel's/Phalen's test), pain intensity (VAS day and VAS night), hand grip strength (HGS), finger pinch strength (FGS), the Turkish version of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire scores, sleep quality, the patient's subjective impression of improvement (satisfaction), electrophysiological parameters (two times), and ultrasound measurements (cross-sectional areas \[CSA\] and flattening ratio \[long diameter/short diameter\]) at the proximal inlet of the median nerve (at the level of the scaphoid and pisiform bones, at the level of the distal wrist crease) before treatment (baseline), at the end of treatment (two weeks), and six weeks after treatment. The evaluation parameters/outcomes will be made by the same researcher blind to the groups. Patients will be questioned about undesirable effects at the end of the 2nd and 6th weeks after the treatment.
Interventions
OTHERUltrasound-guided local Injection
Ultrasound-Guided steroid injection and splinting in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome
OTHERIntramuscular Steroid Injection
Intramuscular gluteal steroid injection and Splinting in Patients With Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
DEVICESplinting
wrist night splint
Sponsors
Konya Beyhekim Training and Research Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
single blind
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age ≥18 years * Presence of typical CTS symptoms (numbness, tingling, paresthesias, or pain that may be provoked by nighttime or activity-related posture * VAS score of ≥ 3/10 * Symptom duration longer than 12 weeks * Positive Tinel's and/or Phalen's sign * Electrophysiologically mild or moderate CTS being diagnosed. * Volunteer to participate in study
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with shoulder, elbow, wrist, or finger problems (e.g., impingement syndrome, epicondylitis, history of fractures in the wrist, de Quervain's tenosynovitis, trigger finger, Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), Dupuytren's contracture). * Patients with a history of trauma or surgery in the affected hand, or those with significant anatomical deformities. * Patients with systemic diseases such as rheumatological disorders, hypothyroidism, amyloidosis, diabetes, gout, or chronic kidney failure. * Patients with conditions that may mimic CTS, such as polyneuropathy, plexopathy, cervical radiculopathy, or thoracic outlet syndrome. * Patients with cognitive dysfunction or communication issues. * Patients with severe CTS, neurological deficits (e.g., thenar atrophy, muscle weakness in thumb abduction/opposition), or those requiring surgical intervention. * Patients who have received local steroid injections or physical therapy to the hand/wrist within the last 6 months. * Patients who are receiving or will receive another/additional treatment for CTS. * Pregnant or lactating women. * Patients with active malignancies or local/systemic infections. * Patients who are receiving any active treatment (e.g., NSAIDs, oral/intramuscular steroids, acupuncture, other pain medications). * Patients with upper extremity involvement due to first motor neuron damage (e.g., stroke-hemiplegia, tetraparesis, multiple sclerosis). * Patients with a bifid median nerve, persistent median artery, ganglion cyst, tenosynovitis, or tendinitis in the wrist. * Use of a wrist splint during the last 6 months. * Allergy to corticosteroids or local anesthetics, and blood diathesis
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| VAS pain | baseline, week 2 and week 6 | VAS pain day and night: 0 no pain; 10 unbearable/max. pain. |
| The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire | baseline, week 2 and week 6 | The Turkish version of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire score. It is used to evaluate the symptom severity and functionality of the patients. BCTQ is a questionnaire consisting of 2 parts: symptom severity scale (SSS) and functional status scale (FSS). Each item in both sections has 5 different answers that score between 1 and 5. The mean score is obtained by dividing the total score by the number of questions and ranges from 1 to 5, with a higher score indicating severe symptom. |
| Undesirable effects | Immediately, week 2 and week 6 | Possible side effects such as nerve/vessel injury, bleeding, skin discoloration, fat atrophy, infection, allergy, steroid exacerbation (transient pain starting 24 hours after the injection and lasting a few days), hypertension, and steroid-induced edema will be questioned and recorded in the patients |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hand grip strength | baseline, week 2 and week 6 | Hand Grip Strength (HGS): Following the definitions outlined in the literature, HGS will be measured using Jamar hand dynamometers. The patients will be asked to squeeze the dynamometer three times with maximum strength, allowing 30-60 seconds of rest between each attempt. The average force (in pounds/kg) will then be recorded. |
| Finger pinch strength | baseline, week 2 and week 6 | Finger Pinch Strength (FGS): Following the definitions outlined in the literature, FGS will be measured using Baseline pinch dynamometers. The patients will be asked to squeeze the dynamometer three times with maximum strength, allowing 30-60 seconds of rest between each attempt. The average force (in pounds/kg) will then be recorded. |
| Ultrasonographic evaluation of the median nerve | baseline, week 2 and week 6 | Ultrasonographic evaluation of the median nerve will be performed with a LA2-14A transducer /superficial linear probe (Samsung). The cross-sectional areas (CSA) of the median nerve at the proximal inlet of the carpal tunnel will be recorded. To identify the entrance of the carpal tunnel, measurements will be taken at the level of the distal wrist crease, at the scaphoid and pisiform bones. The assessments were conducted with the patients seated, facing the clinician, with their elbow bent at approximately 90˚, forearm in a supine position, and fingers in a semiflexed posture. Measurements were obtained using the manual tracing feature of the ultrasound device, excluding the hyperechoic nerve sheathThe CSA (mm2) will be determined. The average of the three measurements will be recorded. |
| Sleep quality | Baseline, week 2 and week 6 | Sleep quality was evaluated using a single 4-point (0 = very bad, 3 = very good) Likert-type question from item 6 of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index |
| Electrophysiological (nerve conduction) parameters | baseline and week 6 | Electrophysiological parameters (median nerve distal motor latency) will be measured at two time points (baseline and week 6). |
| Patient satisfaction | baseline, week 2 and week 6 | Patient satisfaction (Subjective impression of improvement): Satisfaction levels of patients will be questioned. In the assessment consisting of five clauses with Likert-type scales, the clauses will be described as follows: 1, 'no satisfaction at all'; 2, 'no satisfaction'; 3, neutral (no positive or negative effect); 4, 'satisfied'; and 5, 'very satisfied'. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed